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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus was made by Lurman in 1885.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lurman A |title=Eine icterus epidemic |journal=Berl Klin Woschenschr |volume=22 |pages=20–3 |year=1885 |language=German}}</ref> An outbreak of [[smallpox]] occurred in Bremen in 1883 and 1,289 shipyard employees were [[vaccinated]] with [[lymph]] from other people. After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with [[jaundice]] and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. Other employees who had been inoculated with different batches of lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classical example of an [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak. Later, numerous similar outbreaks were reported following the introduction, in 1909, of [[hypodermic needles]] that were used, and, more importantly, reused, for administering [[Arsphenamine|Salvarsan]] for the treatment of [[syphilis]]. The virus was not discovered until 1965 when [[Baruch Blumberg]], then working at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), discovered the [[Australia antigen]] (later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people.<ref name="pmid5930797">{{cite journal |author=Alter HJ, Blumberg BS |title=Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen) |journal=[[Blood]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |year=1966 |month=March |pmid=5930797 |doi= |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5930797 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by MacCallum in 1947,<ref>{{cite journal |author=MacCallum, F.O. |title=Homologous serum hepatitis |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |pages=691 |year=1947 }}</ref> D.S. Dane and others discovered the virus particle in 1970 by [[electron microscopy]].<ref name="pmid4190997">{{cite journal |author=Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M |title=Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=1 |issue=7649 |pages=695–8 |year=1970 |month=April |pmid=4190997 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> By the early 1980s the [[genome]] of the virus had been sequenced,<ref name="pmid399327">{{cite journal |author=Galibert F, Mandart E, Fitoussi F, Tiollais P, Charnay P |title=Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli |journal=[[Nature]] |volume=281 |issue=5733 |pages=646–50 |year=1979 |month=October |pmid=399327 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> and the first vaccines were being tested.<ref name="pmid6108398">{{cite journal |author= |title=Hepatitis B vaccine |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=2 |issue=8206 |pages=1229–30 |year=1980 |month=December |pmid=6108398 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(80)92484-8 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> | The earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus was made by Lurman in 1885.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lurman A |title=Eine icterus epidemic |journal=Berl Klin Woschenschr |volume=22 |pages=20–3 |year=1885 |language=German}}</ref> An outbreak of [[smallpox]] occurred in Bremen in 1883 and 1,289 shipyard employees were [[vaccinated]] with [[lymph]] from other people. After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with [[jaundice]] and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. Other employees who had been inoculated with different batches of lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classical example of an [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak. Later, numerous similar outbreaks were reported following the introduction, in 1909, of [[hypodermic needles]] that were used, and, more importantly, reused, for administering [[Arsphenamine|Salvarsan]] for the treatment of [[syphilis]]. The virus was not discovered until 1965 when [[Baruch Blumberg]], then working at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), discovered the [[Australia antigen]] (later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people.<ref name="pmid5930797">{{cite journal |author=Alter HJ, Blumberg BS |title=Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen) |journal=[[Blood]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |year=1966 |month=March |pmid=5930797 |doi= |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5930797 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by MacCallum in 1947,<ref>{{cite journal |author=MacCallum, F.O. |title=Homologous serum hepatitis |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |pages=691 |year=1947 }}</ref> D.S. Dane and others discovered the virus particle in 1970 by [[electron microscopy]].<ref name="pmid4190997">{{cite journal |author=Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M |title=Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=1 |issue=7649 |pages=695–8 |year=1970 |month=April |pmid=4190997 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> By the early 1980s the [[genome]] of the virus had been sequenced,<ref name="pmid399327">{{cite journal |author=Galibert F, Mandart E, Fitoussi F, Tiollais P, Charnay P |title=Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli |journal=[[Nature]] |volume=281 |issue=5733 |pages=646–50 |year=1979 |month=October |pmid=399327 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> and the first vaccines were being tested.<ref name="pmid6108398">{{cite journal |author= |title=Hepatitis B vaccine |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=2 |issue=8206 |pages=1229–30 |year=1980 |month=December |pmid=6108398 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(80)92484-8 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> | ||
On March 29, 2005, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved [[Entecavir]] for the treatment of hepatitis B.<ref>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 30, 2005. [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2005/ANS01348.html FDA Talk Paper: FDA Approves New Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B]. fda.gov. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.</ref> | |||
On February 25, 2005, the EU Commission approved PEGASYS for the treatment of hepatitis B making it the first pegylated interferon to be approved for hepatitis B.<ref>February 25, 2005. [http://www.roche.com/med-cor-2005-02-25 Pegasys approved in the European Union for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Only pegylated interferon approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B]. roche.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.</ref> | |||
On October 27, 2006, [[telbivudine]] gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.<ref>October 27, 2006. [http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hep_b/news/2006/102706_a.html FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B]. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.</ref> | |||
World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and [[hepatitis C]] and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf</ref> | World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and [[hepatitis C]] and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Historical Perspective
The earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus was made by Lurman in 1885.[1] An outbreak of smallpox occurred in Bremen in 1883 and 1,289 shipyard employees were vaccinated with lymph from other people. After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with jaundice and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. Other employees who had been inoculated with different batches of lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classical example of an epidemiological study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak. Later, numerous similar outbreaks were reported following the introduction, in 1909, of hypodermic needles that were used, and, more importantly, reused, for administering Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis. The virus was not discovered until 1965 when Baruch Blumberg, then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered the Australia antigen (later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people.[2] Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by MacCallum in 1947,[3] D.S. Dane and others discovered the virus particle in 1970 by electron microscopy.[4] By the early 1980s the genome of the virus had been sequenced,[5] and the first vaccines were being tested.[6]
On March 29, 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Entecavir for the treatment of hepatitis B.[7]
On February 25, 2005, the EU Commission approved PEGASYS for the treatment of hepatitis B making it the first pegylated interferon to be approved for hepatitis B.[8]
On October 27, 2006, telbivudine gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.[9]
World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the World Health Organization.[10]
References
- ↑ Lurman A (1885). "Eine icterus epidemic". Berl Klin Woschenschr (in German). 22: 20–3.
- ↑ Alter HJ, Blumberg BS (1966). "Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen)". Blood. 27 (3): 297–309. PMID 5930797. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ MacCallum, F.O. (1947). "Homologous serum hepatitis". Lancet. 2: 691.
- ↑ Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (1970). "Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis". Lancet. 1 (7649): 695–8. PMID 4190997. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Galibert F, Mandart E, Fitoussi F, Tiollais P, Charnay P (1979). "Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli". Nature. 281 (5733): 646–50. PMID 399327. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ "Hepatitis B vaccine". Lancet. 2 (8206): 1229–30. 1980. PMID 6108398. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 30, 2005. FDA Talk Paper: FDA Approves New Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B. fda.gov. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ February 25, 2005. Pegasys approved in the European Union for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Only pegylated interferon approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. roche.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ October 27, 2006. FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf