Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
Worldwide, more than 15 million people have evidence of serological exposure to HDV worldwide. | Worldwide, more than 15 million people have evidence of serological exposure to HDV worldwide. With the implementation of HBV vaccination programs, better education and awareness about the virus, and improving socioeconomic conditions, HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world. | ||
==Developing countries== | |||
Areas of high endemicity include Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, the Amazon Basin, and parts of Asia. HDV infection rates usually correlate with HBV endemicity except in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where co-infection is uncommon. Prevalence of HDV infection ranges between provinces in China, a country with high endemicity of HBV. <ref name="pmid21511329">{{cite journal| author=Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM| title=Hepatitis delta virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 73-85 | pmid=21511329 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21511329 }} </ref> | |||
Two epidemiological patterns of hepatitis D infection exist: in Western Europe and North America, HDV is limited to persons exposed to blood or blood products such as with intravenous drug use. In Mediterranean countries, HDV infection is endemic among HBV carriers. In this population, the virus is transmitted by close personal contact. <ref name="WHO">World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD_whocdscsrncs2001_1.pdf?ua=1</ref> | |||
New foci of HDV superinfection continue to be identified in Mongolia, Greenland, Ecuador, and Venezuela. | |||
HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including Spain, Turkey, and Taiwan, especially in the last three decades. This has been attributed to vaccination programs for HBV, increased awareness, and an overall improvement in socioeconomic conditions. <ref name="pmid21511329">{{cite journal| author=Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM| title=Hepatitis delta virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 73-85 | pmid=21511329 | doi=10.1016/http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hepatitis_D_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=editS0140-6736(10)61931-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21511329 }} </ref> It should be noted that data for HBV prevalence in developing countries is sparse. | HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including Spain, Turkey, and Taiwan, especially in the last three decades. This has been attributed to vaccination programs for HBV, increased awareness, and an overall improvement in socioeconomic conditions. <ref name="pmid21511329">{{cite journal| author=Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM| title=Hepatitis delta virus. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 73-85 | pmid=21511329 | doi=10.1016/http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hepatitis_D_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=editS0140-6736(10)61931-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21511329 }} </ref> It should be noted that data for HBV prevalence in developing countries is sparse. | ||
[[image:HDVMAP.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | [[image:HDVMAP.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | ||
===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
HDV infection remains prevalent in France whereas in Germany and the UK, the prevalence has increased. The main factor underlying the higher prevalence in these countries is HDV infection in a younger population that has migrated from endemic regions. | HDV infection remains prevalent in France whereas in Germany and the UK, the prevalence has increased. The main factor underlying the higher prevalence in these countries is HDV infection in a younger population that has migrated from endemic regions. In Italy, HDV prevalence was previously decreasing, and has now recently plateaued. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:50, 8 August 2014
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Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
HDV is rare in most developed countries, and is mostly associated with intravenous drug abuse. However HDV is much more common in Mediterranean countries, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and countries in the northern part of South America.[1] In all, about 20 million people may be infected with HDV.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Worldwide, more than 15 million people have evidence of serological exposure to HDV worldwide. With the implementation of HBV vaccination programs, better education and awareness about the virus, and improving socioeconomic conditions, HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world.
Developing countries
Areas of high endemicity include Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, the Amazon Basin, and parts of Asia. HDV infection rates usually correlate with HBV endemicity except in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where co-infection is uncommon. Prevalence of HDV infection ranges between provinces in China, a country with high endemicity of HBV. [3]
Two epidemiological patterns of hepatitis D infection exist: in Western Europe and North America, HDV is limited to persons exposed to blood or blood products such as with intravenous drug use. In Mediterranean countries, HDV infection is endemic among HBV carriers. In this population, the virus is transmitted by close personal contact. [4]
New foci of HDV superinfection continue to be identified in Mongolia, Greenland, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including Spain, Turkey, and Taiwan, especially in the last three decades. This has been attributed to vaccination programs for HBV, increased awareness, and an overall improvement in socioeconomic conditions. [3] It should be noted that data for HBV prevalence in developing countries is sparse.
Developed Countries
HDV infection remains prevalent in France whereas in Germany and the UK, the prevalence has increased. The main factor underlying the higher prevalence in these countries is HDV infection in a younger population that has migrated from endemic regions. In Italy, HDV prevalence was previously decreasing, and has now recently plateaued.
References
- ↑ Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V; et al. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades". J. Virol. 78 (5): 2537–44. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004. PMC 369207. PMID 14963156. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Taylor JM (2006). "Hepatitis delta virus". Virology. 344 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033. PMID 16364738. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM (2011). "Hepatitis delta virus". Lancet. 378 (9785): 73–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9. PMID 21511329.
- ↑ World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD_whocdscsrncs2001_1.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)".