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{{SK}} EV68, EV-68, EV-D68, HRV-87, human rhinovirus type 87
{{SK}} EV68, EV-68, EV-D68, HRV-87, human rhinovirus type 87


==[[Enterovirus 68 overview|Overview]]==


==Overview==
==[[Enterovirus 68 historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==Life Cycle==
==[[Enterovirus 68 pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
Enterovirus 68 is acid labile and prefers a lower temperature similar to rhinovirus 87, whereas other [[enterovirus|enteroviruses]] are more acid stable and can survive at higher temperatures. In a study on the effect of acidity and temperature on viral growth, 5 clinical isolates were tested for acid stability as compared to EV68 FERMON strain. 10 folds serial dilutions of viral samples were inoculated onto 96 culture plates. They were then incubated at a temperature of 33 or 37° C, in an atmosphere of 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. They were then observed for 7 days for any [[cytopathic]] effects. All strains exhibited a 100 to 1000 fold reduction in the [[infectivity]] [[titre|titres]] following the incubation for 1 hour in pH 3 buffer.  In addition, each of EV68 strains grew to a lower titer at 37 °C than at 33 °C.<ref name="Oberste-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Oberste | first1 = MS. | last2 = Maher | first2 = K. | last3 = Schnurr | first3 = D. | last4 = Flemister | first4 = MR. | last5 = Lovchik | first5 = JC. | last6 = Peters | first6 = H. | last7 = Sessions | first7 = W. | last8 = Kirk | first8 = C. | last9 = Chatterjee | first9 = N. | title = Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses. | journal = J Gen Virol | volume = 85 | issue = Pt 9 | pages = 2577-84 | month = Sep | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.79925-0 | PMID = 15302951 }}</ref><ref name="Blomqvist-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Blomqvist | first1 = S. | last2 = Savolainen | first2 = C. | last3 = Råman | first3 = L. | last4 = Roivainen | first4 = M. | last5 = Hovi | first5 = T. | title = Human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 40 | issue = 11 | pages = 4218-23 | month = Nov | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12409401 }}</ref> It is due to this survivability at lower temperatures and higher pH that most strains are isolated from respiratory specimens. Classically enteroviruses have a predominance of occurrence in summer-fall season and outbreaks occur in cycles spaced out by several years. EV68 also shows a similar seasonal distribution, with most cases occurring within and sometimes in the later part of the typical enterovirus season.<ref name="-2011">{{Cite journal  | title = Clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68--Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008-2010. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 60 | issue = 38 | pages = 1301-4 | month = Sep | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 21956405 }}</ref>


==[[Enterovirus 68 causes|Causes]]==
==[[Enterovirus 68 differential diagnosis|Differentiating Enterovirus 68 from Other Diseases]]==
==[[Enterovirus 68 epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Enterovirus 68 risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Enterovirus 68 natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
==Diagnosis==
[[Enterovirus 68 diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Enterovirus 68 history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Enterovirus 68 physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Enterovirus 68 laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Enterovirus 68 chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Enterovirus 68 CT|CT]] | [[Enterovirus 68 other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
==Treatment==
[[Enterovirus 68 medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Enterovirus 68 contact and airborne precautions|Contact and Airborne Precautions]] | [[Enterovirus 68 primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Enterovirus 68 future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
==Case Studies==
[[Enterovirus 68 case study one|Case #1]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 13:52, 8 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2];João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]

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Synonyms and keywords: EV68, EV-68, EV-D68, HRV-87, human rhinovirus type 87

Overview

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Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Enterovirus 68 from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Chest X Ray | CT | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Contact and Airborne Precautions | Primary Prevention | Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case #1

References

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