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| [[File:WNV2.jpg|200px|thumb|none| Presence of West Nile virus virions, in an isolate that was grown in a cell culture.<SMALL> ''Image provided by the CDC [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] ''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]]
| [[File:WNV2.jpg|200px|thumb|none| Presence of West Nile virus virions, in an isolate that was grown in a cell culture.<SMALL> ''Image provided by the CDC [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] ''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]]
|}
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West Nile virus is a member of Japanese encephalitis serocomplex and belongs to the [[genus]] [[Flavivirus]], family [[Flaviviridae]].  Other [[species]] of the this serocomplex include the St Louis encephalitis virus and the Japanese encephalitis virus.<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989  }} </ref>  
WNV is a member of Japanese encephalitis serocomplex and belongs to the [[genus]] [[Flavivirus]], family [[Flaviviridae]].  Other [[species]] of the this serocomplex include the St Louis encephalitis virus and the Japanese encephalitis virus.<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989  }} </ref>  


The WNV has an icosahedral symmetry, with a smooth surface.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2003">{{cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=S.|title=Structure of West Nile Virus|journal=Science|volume=302|issue=5643|year=2003|pages=248–248|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1089316}}</ref>  It is an enveloped virus with a nucleocapsid core built of [[RNA]] and [[capsid]] proteins.  Its [[genome]] is contained in a single stranded [[mRNA]] virus of about 11000 bp.<ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref>  It contains a single [[ORF]], a 5' [[UTR]], and a 3' region which is not translated.  The ORF contains a single polyprotein, that after processed and translated produces 3 smaller types of structure proteins and 7 of non-strutural proteins.
The WNV has an icosahedral symmetry, with a smooth surface.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2003">{{cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=S.|title=Structure of West Nile Virus|journal=Science|volume=302|issue=5643|year=2003|pages=248–248|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1089316}}</ref>  It is an enveloped virus with a nucleocapsid core built of [[RNA]] and [[capsid]] proteins.  Its [[genome]] is contained in a single stranded [[mRNA]] virus of about 11000 bp.<ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref>  It contains a single [[ORF]], a 5' [[UTR]], and a 3' region which is not translated.  The ORF contains a single polyprotein, that after processed and translated produces 3 smaller types of structure proteins and 7 of non-strutural proteins.
* Structure proteins are responsible for the formation of the viral particle and include:
* Structural proteins are responsible for the formation of the viral particle and include:
:* Envelope proteins
:* Envelope proteins
:* Membrane proteins
:* Membrane proteins
:* C proteins
:* C proteins
* Non-structure proteins are responsible for viral replication, evasion of the immune system and assembly of virions, and include:
* Non-structural proteins are responsible for viral replication, evasion of the immune system and assembly of virions, and include:
:*NS1
:*NS1
:*NS2A
:*NS2A
Line 28: Line 28:
:*NS4B
:*NS4B
:*NS5
:*NS5
The West Nile Virus may be classified in 5 phylogenetic lineages.  Of these, only 1 and 2 have been identified as causative agents of disease in humans.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = West Nile Virus | url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/1/pdfs/02-0616.pdf }}</ref>  Lineage 1 may be subclassified into 3 other lineages, which predominate in certain parts of the world:<ref name="pmid12890319">{{cite journal| author=Miller DL, Mauel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME et al.| title=West Nile virus in farmed alligators. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 9 | issue= 7 | pages= 794-9 | pmid=12890319 | doi=10.3201/eid0907.030085 | pmc=PMC3023431 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12890319  }} </ref>
The WNV may be classified in 7 phylogenetic lineages.  Of these, only 1 and 2 have been identified as causative agents of disease in humans and are considered clinically significant.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = West Nile Virus | url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/1/pdfs/02-0616.pdf }}</ref>  Lineage 1 may be subclassified into 3 other lineages, which predominate in certain parts of the world:<ref name="pmid12890319">{{cite journal| author=Miller DL, Mauel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME et al.| title=West Nile virus in farmed alligators. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 9 | issue= 7 | pages= 794-9 | pmid=12890319 | doi=10.3201/eid0907.030085 | pmc=PMC3023431 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12890319  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16704810">{{cite journal| author=Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Erdélyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Weissenböck H et al.| title=Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 618-23 | pmid=16704810 | doi=10.3201/eid1204.051379 | pmc=PMC3294705 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16704810  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14585341">{{cite journal| author=Charrel RN, Brault AC, Gallian P, Lemasson JJ, Murgue B, Murri S et al.| title=Evolutionary relationship between Old World West Nile virus strains. Evidence for viral gene flow between Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. | journal=Virology | year= 2003 | volume= 315 | issue= 2 | pages= 381-8 | pmid=14585341 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14585341  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12093177">{{cite journal| author=Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, Kerst AJ, Murri S, Meyer R et al.| title=Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. | journal=Virology | year= 2002 | volume= 298 | issue= 1 | pages= 96-105 | pmid=12093177 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12093177  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21781205">{{cite journal| author=Papa A, Xanthopoulou K, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S| title=Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 8 | pages= 1176-80 | pmid=21781205 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03438.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21781205  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22406344">{{cite journal| author=Savini G, Capelli G, Monaco F, Polci A, Russo F, Di Gennaro A et al.| title=Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy. | journal=Vet Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 158 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 267-73 | pmid=22406344 | doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22406344  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21586266">{{cite journal| author=Valiakos G, Touloudi A, Iacovakis C, Athanasiou L, Birtsas P, Spyrou V et al.| title=Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus lineage 2 in sedentary wild birds (Eurasian magpie), Greece, 2010. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2011 | volume= 16 | issue= 18 | pages=  | pmid=21586266 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21586266  }} </ref>
* Lineage 1a - western hemisphere, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe
* Lineage 1: Widespread, isolates from Europe, America, Middle East, India, Africa, and Australia
* Lingeage 2: Southern Africa, Madagascar, and Europe


* Lineage 1b - Kunjin virus from Australasia
==Natural reservoir==
 
Although the West Nile virus can infect humans and numerous animals, birds are its [[natural reservoir]].<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989  }} </ref><ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref>
* Lineage 1c - virus in India
 
==Tropism==
 
==Natural Reservoir==
Although the West Nile virus can infect humans and different animals, birds are its [[natural reservoir]].  The [[life cycle]] of the virus is dependent on the [[transmission]] of the virus between mosquitoes and birds.<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989  }} </ref><ref name="CampbellMarfin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Grant L|last2=Marfin|first2=Anthony A|last3=Lanciotti|first3=Robert S|last4=Gubler|first4=Duane J|title=West Nile virus|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=2|issue=9|year=2002|pages=519–529|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 21:44, 11 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Taxonomy

Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus; Japanese encephalitis virus group[1]

Biology

Digitally-colorized transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of the West Nile virus (WNV). Image provided by the CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2]
Presence of West Nile virus virions, in an isolate that was grown in a cell culture. Image provided by the CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [3]

WNV is a member of Japanese encephalitis serocomplex and belongs to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Other species of the this serocomplex include the St Louis encephalitis virus and the Japanese encephalitis virus.[4]

The WNV has an icosahedral symmetry, with a smooth surface.[5] It is an enveloped virus with a nucleocapsid core built of RNA and capsid proteins. Its genome is contained in a single stranded mRNA virus of about 11000 bp.[6] It contains a single ORF, a 5' UTR, and a 3' region which is not translated. The ORF contains a single polyprotein, that after processed and translated produces 3 smaller types of structure proteins and 7 of non-strutural proteins.

  • Structural proteins are responsible for the formation of the viral particle and include:
  • Envelope proteins
  • Membrane proteins
  • C proteins
  • Non-structural proteins are responsible for viral replication, evasion of the immune system and assembly of virions, and include:
  • NS1
  • NS2A
  • NS2B
  • NS3
  • NS4A
  • NS4B
  • NS5

The WNV may be classified in 7 phylogenetic lineages. Of these, only 1 and 2 have been identified as causative agents of disease in humans and are considered clinically significant.[7] Lineage 1 may be subclassified into 3 other lineages, which predominate in certain parts of the world:[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

  • Lineage 1: Widespread, isolates from Europe, America, Middle East, India, Africa, and Australia
  • Lingeage 2: Southern Africa, Madagascar, and Europe

Natural reservoir

Although the West Nile virus can infect humans and numerous animals, birds are its natural reservoir.[4][6]

References

  1. ↑ "West Nile Virus".
  2. ↑ "http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp". External link in |title= (help)
  3. ↑ "http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp". External link in |title= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS (2013). "West Nile virus: review of the literature". JAMA. 310 (3): 308–15. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8042. PMID 23860989.
  5. ↑ Mukhopadhyay, S. (2003). "Structure of West Nile Virus". Science. 302 (5643): 248–248. doi:10.1126/science.1089316. ISSN 0036-8075.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Campbell, Grant L; Marfin, Anthony A; Lanciotti, Robert S; Gubler, Duane J (2002). "West Nile virus". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2 (9): 519–529. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7. ISSN 1473-3099.
  7. ↑ "West Nile Virus" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Miller DL, Mauel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME; et al. (2003). "West Nile virus in farmed alligators". Emerg Infect Dis. 9 (7): 794–9. doi:10.3201/eid0907.030085. PMC 3023431. PMID 12890319.
  9. ↑ Bakonyi T, Ivanics E, Erdélyi K, Ursu K, Ferenczi E, Weissenböck H; et al. (2006). "Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (4): 618–23. doi:10.3201/eid1204.051379. PMC 3294705. PMID 16704810.
  10. ↑ Charrel RN, Brault AC, Gallian P, Lemasson JJ, Murgue B, Murri S; et al. (2003). "Evolutionary relationship between Old World West Nile virus strains. Evidence for viral gene flow between Africa, the Middle East, and Europe". Virology. 315 (2): 381–8. PMID 14585341.
  11. ↑ Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, Kerst AJ, Murri S, Meyer R; et al. (2002). "Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East". Virology. 298 (1): 96–105. PMID 12093177.
  12. ↑ Papa A, Xanthopoulou K, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S (2011). "Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes during a human outbreak in Greece". Clin Microbiol Infect. 17 (8): 1176–80. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03438.x. PMID 21781205.
  13. ↑ Savini G, Capelli G, Monaco F, Polci A, Russo F, Di Gennaro A; et al. (2012). "Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy". Vet Microbiol. 158 (3–4): 267–73. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.018. PMID 22406344.
  14. ↑ Valiakos G, Touloudi A, Iacovakis C, Athanasiou L, Birtsas P, Spyrou V; et al. (2011). "Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus lineage 2 in sedentary wild birds (Eurasian magpie), Greece, 2010". Euro Surveill. 16 (18). PMID 21586266.
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