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Rim Halaby (talk | contribs)
CMEUser, Bureaucrats, nocaptcha, Administrators
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West Nile fever infection can present with a variety of manifestation according to the severity of the diseases. West Nile fever infection has three different clinical presentations in humans.
==Causes==
* [[Asymptomatic]] infection
===Common Causes===
* Mild [[febrile]] syndrome termed West Nile Fever (febrile stage has an [[incubation period]] of 3-8 days). All symptoms are resolved within 7-10 days, although fatigue can last for some weeks and lymphadenopathy can take up to two months to resolve.<ref>Olejnik E. "Infectious adenitis transmitted by ''Culex molestus''." ''Bull. Res. Counc. Isr.'' 1952; 2:
Rheumatic heart disease (majority of the cases)
210-211.</ref>
Carcinoid heart disease
* Neuroinvasive disease termed West Nile [[meningitis]] or [[encephalitis]].<ref>Smithburn K C, Jacobs H R. "Neutralization-tests against neurotropic viruses with sera collected in central Africa." ''Journal of Immunology'' 1942; 44: 923.</ref>
Congenital


In infected individuals the ratio between the three states is roughly 110:30:1.<ref>Tsai T F, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell G L, Nedelcu N I. "West Nile encephalitis epidemic in south eastern Romania." ''Lancet'' 1998; 352: 767-771</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===


It is estimated that approximately 1 in 150 persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of disease. Serious illness can occur in people of any age, however people over the age of 50 and some immunocompromised persons (for example, transplant patients) are at the highest risk for getting severely ill when infected with WNV. The incubation period is usually 3 to 14 days.
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
* Deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive at first, later diminished. There are also [[extrapyramidal disorder]]s. Recovery is marked by a long convalescence with fatigue. More recent outbreaks have resulted in a deeper study of the disease and other, rarer, outcomes have been identified.The spinal cord may be infected, marked by [[anterior myelitis]] with or without encephalitis.<ref>Sejvar J J, Haddad M B, Tierney B C, Campbell G L, Marfin A A, VanGerpen J A, Fleischauer A, Leis A A, Stokic D S, Petersen L R. "Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection." ''JAMA'' 2003; 290: 511-515.</ref> WNV-associated [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]] has been identified<ref>Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg K. "Guillain-Barre syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection." ''Neurology'' 2000; 55: 144-146.</ref>
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Congenital heart disease]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[rheumatic heart disease]]
 
|-
====West Nile Meningoencephalitis====
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
It is the most common form of severe disease presenting as behavioual changes like confusion, irritability, disorientation along with focal signs like tremor, ataxia , bulbar dysfunction, or focal weakness.
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
 
|-
====Acute Flaccid Paralysis====
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
It usually occurs in the subclinical phase presenting as lower limb weakness  with flaccid tone, areflexia or hyporeflexia.
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[methylsurgide]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infective endocarditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[sSystemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyst|Giant blood cyst]]
|-
|}

Revision as of 00:54, 18 September 2014

Causes

Common Causes

Rheumatic heart disease (majority of the cases) Carcinoid heart disease Congenital

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect methylsurgide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Carcinoid syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Pacemaker infection
Infectious Disease Infective endocarditis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Fabry disease, Whipple's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy sSystemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Giant blood cyst
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