Cyclosporiasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*Illinois has also notified CDC of one case that may have been acquired out of state. | *Illinois has also notified CDC of one case that may have been acquired out of state. | ||
*Most of the illness onset dates have ranged from mid-June through early July. | *Most of the illness onset dates have ranged from mid-June through early July. | ||
*At least 8 persons reportedly have been hospitalized. No food items have been implicated to date, but public health authorities are pursuing all leads. | *At least 8 persons reportedly have been hospitalized. | ||
*No food items have been implicated to date, but public health authorities are pursuing all leads. | |||
*Previous outbreak investigations have implicated various types of fresh produce. It is not yet clear whether the cases from all of the states are part of the same outbreak. | *Previous outbreak investigations have implicated various types of fresh produce. It is not yet clear whether the cases from all of the states are part of the same outbreak. | ||
*No common events (e.g., social gatherings) have been identified among the case patients. | *No common events (e.g., social gatherings) have been identified among the case patients. | ||
Revision as of 19:10, 18 September 2014
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Cyclosporiasis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Cyclosporiasis epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cyclosporiasis epidemiology and demographics |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Cyclosporiasis epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Cyclosporiasis occurs in many countries, but the disease seems to be most common in tropical and subtropical regions. In areas where cyclosporiasis has been studied, the risk for infection is seasonal. However, no consistent pattern with respect to environmental conditions such as temperature or rainfall has been identified.
Epidemiology
People become infected with Cyclospora by ingesting sporulated oocysts, which are the infective form of the parasite. This most commonly occurs when food or water contaminated with feces is consumed. An infected person sheds unsporulated (immature, non-infective) Cyclospora oocysts in the feces. The oocysts are thought to require days to weeks in favorable environmental conditions to sporulate and become infective. Therefore, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely, as is transmission via ingestion of newly contaminated food or water.
Cyclosporiasis occurs in many countries, but it seems to be most common in tropical and subtropical regions. In areas where cyclosporiasis has been studied, the risk for infection is seasonal. However, no consistent pattern has been identified regarding the time of year or the environmental conditions, such as temperature or rainfall. In the United States, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis since the mid-1990s have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce, including raspberries, basil, snow peas, and mesclun lettuce; no commercially frozen or canned produce has been implicated. U.S. cases of infection also have occurred in persons who traveled to Cyclospora-endemic areas. To reduce the risk for infection, travelers should take precautions. Travelers also should be aware that treatment of water or food with chlorine or iodine is unlikely to kill Cyclospora oocysts.
Outbreak of Cyclosporidiasis in the United States in 2014
- On August 26, 2014, CDC had been notified of 304 ill persons with confirmed Cyclospora infection in 2014
- 207 out of the 304 ill persons from the following states had no history of international travel within two weeks before onset of illness: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York (and New York City), Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Washington.
- Among 183 persons with available information, 7 (4%) have reported being hospitalized. No deaths have been reported.
- Among 204 persons with available information, ill persons range in age from 3 to 88 years, with a median age of 49 years.
- Among 204 persons with available information, 115 (56%) of ill persons are female.
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Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis in the United States in 2013
- On June 28, 2013, CDC was notified of 2 laboratory-confirmed cases of Cyclospora infection in Iowa residents who had become ill in June and did not have a history of international travel during the 14 days before the onset of illness.
- Since that date, CDC has been collaborating with public health officials in multiple states and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to investigate an outbreak of cyclosporiasis. As of July 18, 2013, CDC has been notified of more than 200 cases of Cyclospora infection in residents of multiple states, including Iowa, Nebraska, Texas, and Wisconsin.
- Illinois has also notified CDC of one case that may have been acquired out of state.
- Most of the illness onset dates have ranged from mid-June through early July.
- At least 8 persons reportedly have been hospitalized.
- No food items have been implicated to date, but public health authorities are pursuing all leads.
- Previous outbreak investigations have implicated various types of fresh produce. It is not yet clear whether the cases from all of the states are part of the same outbreak.
- No common events (e.g., social gatherings) have been identified among the case patients.
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References
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2014/epicurve.html
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/investigation-2013-maps.html
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/investigation-2013-epicurve.html
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/investigation-2013-epicurve.html