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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
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| ==Life Threatening Causes== | | ===Life Threatening Causes=== |
| | Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| * [[ACE inhibitors]] | | * [[ACE inhibitors]] |
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== |
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| * [[Acidosis]] | | * [[Acidosis]] |
| * [[ACTH Deficiency]] | | * [[ACTH Deficiency]] |
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| * [[Fasting]] | | * [[Fasting]] |
| * [[Fluoride]] toxicity | | * [[Fluoride]] toxicity |
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| * [[Foxglove poisoning]] | | * [[Foxglove poisoning]] |
| * [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]] | | * [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]] |
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| * [[Hypothermia]] | | * [[Hypothermia]] |
| * [[Ibuprofen]] | | * [[Ibuprofen]] |
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| * [[Indomethacin]] | | * [[Indomethacin]] |
| * [[Internal bleeding]] | | * [[Internal bleeding]] |
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| * [[Naproxen]] | | * [[Naproxen]] |
| * [[Obstructive uropathy]] | | * [[Obstructive uropathy]] |
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| * [[Oleander]] [[Poisoning]] | | * [[Oleander]] [[Poisoning]] |
| * Oxalate blood sample | | * Oxalate blood sample |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3], Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [4]
Overview
Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5.0 mmol/L) of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high (contrast with hypo-, meaning low). The middle kal refers to kalium, which is Latin for potassium. The end portion of the word, -emia, means "in the blood". Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Heart failure, volume depletion
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| Chemical / poisoning
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Ammonium Bifluoride, arsenicals, fluoride toxicity, foxglove poisoning, oleander poisoning, tungsten, white chameleon poisoning
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| Dermatologic
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No underlying causes
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| Drug Side Effect
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ACE inhibitors, acetylsalicylic Acid, aldosterone antagonists, amiloride, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, celecoxib, cyclosporine, diazoxide, digoxin, eplerenone, epsilon amino caproic acid, (EACA), erythropoietin, heparin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, isoflurane, ketoprofen, low-molecular weight heparin, mannitol, melarsoprol, methotrexate, minoxidil, naproxen, pancuronium bromide, pimecrolimus, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, propofol infusion syndrome, sodium thiopental, somatostatin therapy, spironolactone, succinylcholine, suxamethonium, tacrolimus, triamterene, trimethoprim
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
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| Endocrine
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ACTH Deficiency, addisonian crisis, addison's disease, adrenal gland disorders, adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3, autoimmune adrenalitis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- sodium-wasting form, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, hypoadrenocorticism -- hypoparathyroidism -- moniliasis, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
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| Environmental
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No underlying causes
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| Gastroenterologic
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Cirrhosis, gastrointestinal bleeding
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| Genetic
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18-Hydroxylase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia type 3, congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- sodium-wasting form, isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
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| Hematologic
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Hemolytic anemia, leukaemia, leukocytosis, sickle cell disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
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| Iatrogenic
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blood transfusion , cuffed blood sample, delayed separation blood sample, drip arm sample, EDTA blood sample, hemolysed blood sample, IV fluids containing potassium, using clenched fist while collection of blood
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| Infectious Disease
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HIV infection
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| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
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Muscle damage, muscle wasting
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| Neurologic
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Amelo-cerebro-hypohidrotic syndrome, Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome
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| Nutritional / Metabolic
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hydrochloride Arginine, high Potassium diet, Malnutrition
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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No underlying causes
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| Oncologic
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No underlying causes
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| Opthalmologic
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No underlying causes
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| Overdose / Toxicity
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No underlying causes
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| Psychiatric
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No underlying causes
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| Pulmonary
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No underlying causes
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| Renal / Electrolyte
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Acidosis, acute glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure, chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic renal failure, diabetic nephropathy, distal chloride shunt, distal renal tubular acidosis type IV, Gordon's syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hyperkalemic Renal tubular acidosis, hypernatremia, hyperosmolality, hyperphosphataemia, lupus nephritis, obstructive uropathy, polycystic kidney disease, Familial pseudohyperkalemia-due to red cell leak, Distal renal tubular acidosis type 1, transplanted kidneys, tubulointerstitial disease, urinary tract obstruction, urolithiasis, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, amyloidosis
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| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
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systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune adrenalitis
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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crush syndrome
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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Amyloidosis - Renal, burns, dehydration, fasting, hypothermia, internal bleeding, intravenous infusion, malignant hyperpyrexia, phlebotomy complication, rhabdomyolysis, sea snake poisoning, selective impairment of potassium excretion, strenuous exercise, transplant rejection, tumor lysis syndrome, ureterojejunostomy
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Sevastos N et al. (2006) Pseudohyperkalemia in serum: the phenomenon and its clinical magnitude. J Lab Clin Med, 147(3):139-44; PMID 16503244.
- ↑ Don BR et al. (1990) Pseudohyperkalemia caused by fist clenching during phlebotomy. N Engl J Med, 322(18):1290-2; PMID 2325722.
- ↑ Iolascon A et al. (1999) Familial pseudohyperkalemia maps to the same locus as dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Blood, 93(9):3120-3; PMID 10216110.
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