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==Schizophrenia Differential Diagnosis== | ==Schizophrenia Differential Diagnosis== | ||
*'''Autism spectrum disorder or communication disorders.''' These disorders may also have symptoms resembling a psychotic episode but are distinguished by their respective | *'''Autism spectrum disorder or communication disorders.''' These disorders may also have symptoms resembling a psychotic episode but are distinguished by their respective deficiits in social interaction with repetitive and restricted behaviors and other cognitive and communication deficits. An individual v^ith autism spectrum disorder or communication disorder must have symptoms that meet full criteria for schizophrenia, with prominent hallucinations or delusions for at least 1 month, in order to be diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]] as a comorbid condition. | ||
*'''Major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic or catatonic features.''' The distinction between schizophrenia and major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or with catatonia depends on the temporal relationship between the mood | *'''Major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic or catatonic features.''' The distinction between [[schizophrenia]] and [[major depressive]] or [[bipolar disorder]] with psychotic features or with [[catatonia]] depends on the temporal relationship between [[the mood disturbance]] and the psychosis, and on the severity of the depressive or manic symptoms. If [[delusions]] or [[hallucinations]] occur exclusively during a major depressive or manic episode, the diagnosis is depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features. | ||
*'''Schizoaffective disorder.''' A diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires that a major depressive or manic episode occur concurrently with the active-phase symptoms and that the mood symptoms be present for a majority of the total duration of the active periods. | *'''Schizoaffective disorder.''' A diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires that a major depressive or manic episode occur concurrently with the active-phase symptoms and that the mood symptoms be present for a majority of the total duration of the active periods. | ||
*'''Schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder.''' These disorders are of shorter duration than schizophrenia as specified in Criterion C, which requires 6 months of | *'''Schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder.''' These disorders are of shorter duration than schizophrenia as specified in Criterion C, which requires 6 months of symptoms. In [[schizophreniform disorder]], the disturbance is present less than 6 months, and in brief [[psychotic disorder]], symptoms are present at least 1 day but less than 1 month. | ||
*'''Delusional disorder.''' Delusional disorder can be distinguished from schizophrenia by the absence of the other symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (e.g., delusions, | *'''Delusional disorder.''' [[Delusional disorder]] can be distinguished from schizophrenia by the absence of the other symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (e.g., delusions, prominent auditory or visual hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or [[catatonic behavior]], negative symptoms). | ||
*'''Schizotypal personality disorder.''' Schizotypal personality disorder may be distinguished from schizophrenia by subthreshold symptoms that are associated with persistent | *'''Schizotypal personality disorder.''' Schizotypal personality disorder may be distinguished from schizophrenia by subthreshold symptoms that are associated with persistent personality features. | ||
*'''Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder.''' Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder may present with poor or absent insight, and the preoccupations may reach delusional proportions. But these disorders are distinguished from schizophrenia by their prominent | *'''Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder.''' Individuals with [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] and [[body dysmorphic disorder]] may present with poor or absent insight, and the preoccupations may reach delusional proportions. But these disorders are distinguished from schizophrenia by their prominent [[obsession]]s, [[compulsions]], preoccupations with appearance or body odor, hoarding, or body-focused repetitive behaviors. | ||
*'''Posttraumatic stress disorder.''' Posttraumatic stress disorder may include flashbacks that have a hallucinatory quality, and hypervigilance may reach paranoid proportions. But a traumatic event and characteristic symptom features relating to reliving or reacting to the event are required to make the diagnosis. | *'''Posttraumatic stress disorder.''' Posttraumatic stress disorder may include flashbacks that have a hallucinatory quality, and hypervigilance may reach [[paranoid]] proportions. But a traumatic event and characteristic symptom features relating to reliving or reacting to the event are required to make the diagnosis. | ||
*'''Other mental disorders associated with a psychotic episode.''' The diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only when the psychotic episode is persistent and not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. Individuals with a | *'''Other mental disorders associated with a psychotic episode.''' The diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only when the [[psychotic episode]] is persistent and not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. Individuals with a [[delirium]] or major or minor neurocognitive disorder may present with psychotic symptoms, but these would have a temporal relationship to the onset of cognitive changes consistent with those disorders. Individuals with substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder may present with symptoms characteristic of Criterion A for [[schizophrenia]], but the substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder can usually be distinguished by the chronological relationship of substance use to the onset and remission of the psychosis in the absence of substance use. | ||
*Schizophrenia needs to be differentiated from epilepsy and certain brain lesions. Chronic disease and metabolic disturbances also need to be ruled out. Systemic infection, including [[HIV]] and [[syphilis]] should be ruled out. The patient should be evaluated for drug abuse, as many drugs can cause psychotic symptoms, either during intoxication or during withdrawal. It is important to rule out a [[delirium]] which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness and indicates an underlying medical illness. There are several psychiatric illnesses which may present with psychotic symptoms other than schizophrenia. These include [[bipolar disorder]],<ref>Pope HG (1983). Distinguishing bipolar disorder from schizophrenia in clinical practice: guidelines and case reports. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34: 322–328.</ref> [[borderline personality disorder]],<ref>McGlashan TH (1987) Testing DSM-III symptom criteria for schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44: 15–22.</ref> drug intoxication, brief drug-induced psychosis, and [[schizophreniform disorder]]. | *Schizophrenia needs to be differentiated from epilepsy and certain brain lesions. Chronic disease and metabolic disturbances also need to be ruled out. Systemic infection, including [[HIV]] and [[syphilis]] should be ruled out. The patient should be evaluated for drug abuse, as many drugs can cause psychotic symptoms, either during intoxication or during withdrawal. It is important to rule out a [[delirium]] which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness and indicates an underlying medical illness. There are several psychiatric illnesses which may present with psychotic symptoms other than schizophrenia. These include [[bipolar disorder]],<ref>Pope HG (1983). Distinguishing bipolar disorder from schizophrenia in clinical practice: guidelines and case reports. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34: 322–328.</ref> [[borderline personality disorder]],<ref>McGlashan TH (1987) Testing DSM-III symptom criteria for schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44: 15–22.</ref> drug intoxication, brief drug-induced psychosis, and [[schizophreniform disorder]]. | ||
Revision as of 19:49, 15 October 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2]
Schizophrenia Differential Diagnosis
- Autism spectrum disorder or communication disorders. These disorders may also have symptoms resembling a psychotic episode but are distinguished by their respective deficiits in social interaction with repetitive and restricted behaviors and other cognitive and communication deficits. An individual v^ith autism spectrum disorder or communication disorder must have symptoms that meet full criteria for schizophrenia, with prominent hallucinations or delusions for at least 1 month, in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as a comorbid condition.
- Major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic or catatonic features. The distinction between schizophrenia and major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or with catatonia depends on the temporal relationship between the mood disturbance and the psychosis, and on the severity of the depressive or manic symptoms. If delusions or hallucinations occur exclusively during a major depressive or manic episode, the diagnosis is depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features.
- Schizoaffective disorder. A diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires that a major depressive or manic episode occur concurrently with the active-phase symptoms and that the mood symptoms be present for a majority of the total duration of the active periods.
- Schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder. These disorders are of shorter duration than schizophrenia as specified in Criterion C, which requires 6 months of symptoms. In schizophreniform disorder, the disturbance is present less than 6 months, and in brief psychotic disorder, symptoms are present at least 1 day but less than 1 month.
- Delusional disorder. Delusional disorder can be distinguished from schizophrenia by the absence of the other symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (e.g., delusions, prominent auditory or visual hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms).
- Schizotypal personality disorder. Schizotypal personality disorder may be distinguished from schizophrenia by subthreshold symptoms that are associated with persistent personality features.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder may present with poor or absent insight, and the preoccupations may reach delusional proportions. But these disorders are distinguished from schizophrenia by their prominent obsessions, compulsions, preoccupations with appearance or body odor, hoarding, or body-focused repetitive behaviors.
- Posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder may include flashbacks that have a hallucinatory quality, and hypervigilance may reach paranoid proportions. But a traumatic event and characteristic symptom features relating to reliving or reacting to the event are required to make the diagnosis.
- Other mental disorders associated with a psychotic episode. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only when the psychotic episode is persistent and not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. Individuals with a delirium or major or minor neurocognitive disorder may present with psychotic symptoms, but these would have a temporal relationship to the onset of cognitive changes consistent with those disorders. Individuals with substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder may present with symptoms characteristic of Criterion A for schizophrenia, but the substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder can usually be distinguished by the chronological relationship of substance use to the onset and remission of the psychosis in the absence of substance use.
- Schizophrenia needs to be differentiated from epilepsy and certain brain lesions. Chronic disease and metabolic disturbances also need to be ruled out. Systemic infection, including HIV and syphilis should be ruled out. The patient should be evaluated for drug abuse, as many drugs can cause psychotic symptoms, either during intoxication or during withdrawal. It is important to rule out a delirium which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness and indicates an underlying medical illness. There are several psychiatric illnesses which may present with psychotic symptoms other than schizophrenia. These include bipolar disorder,[1] borderline personality disorder,[2] drug intoxication, brief drug-induced psychosis, and schizophreniform disorder.
References
- ↑ Pope HG (1983). Distinguishing bipolar disorder from schizophrenia in clinical practice: guidelines and case reports. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34: 322–328.
- ↑ McGlashan TH (1987) Testing DSM-III symptom criteria for schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44: 15–22.