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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*[[Antisocial behavior]]
*[[Antisocial behavior]]
*Alcohol or drug use disorders
*[[Alcohol]] or drug use disorders
*History of drug induced [[depression]]
*History of drug induced [[depression]]
*Higher family history of substance use disorders
*Higher family history of substance use disorders
Line 148: Line 148:


*G.The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder,including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms
*G.The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder,including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms
or other incapacitating symptoms (as in [[agoraphobia]]): objects or situations related to obsessions (as in [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]); reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder); separation from home or attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder).
or other incapacitating symptoms (as in [[agoraphobia]]): objects or situations related to obsessions (as in [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]); reminders of traumatic events (as in [[posttraumatic stress disorder]]); separation from home or attachment figures (as in [[separation anxiety disorder]]); or social situations (as in [[social anxiety disorder]]).
}}
}}


Revision as of 22:22, 9 November 2014

Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder [1]

“
  • A.A prominent and persistent disturbance in mood that predominates in the clinical picture and is characterized by depressed mood or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both

(1)and(2):

  • 1.The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication.
  • 2.The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A.
  • C.The disturbance is not better explained by a depressive disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. Such evidence of an independent depressive disorder could include the following:

The symptoms preceded the onset of the substance/medication use; the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about 1 month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication; or there is other evidence suggesting the existence of an independent non-substance/medication-induced depressive disorder (e.g., a history of recurrent non-substance/medication-related episodes).

AND

  • D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational,or other important areas of functioning.

Note:This diagnosis should be made instead of a diagnosis of substance intoxication or substance withdrawal only when the symptoms in Criterion A predominate in the clinical picture and when they are sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. .

”

References

  1. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.



Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of substance/medication-induced depressive disorder is 260 per 100,000 (0.26%) of the overall population.[1]


Risk Factors


Differential Diagnosis



Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition [1]

“
  • A.A prominent and persistent period of depressed mood or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities that predominates in the clinical picture.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

AND

  • C.The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., adjustment disorder, with depressed mood, in which the stressor is a serious medical condition).

AND

  • D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational,or other important areas of functioning.
 ”

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Risk Factors

  • CVA
  • Left frontal strokes


Differential Diagnosis

  • Alpha-interferon
  • steroids



Specific Phobia

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Phobia[1]

“
  • A.Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).

Note:In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging .

AND

  • B.The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.

AND

  • C.The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.

AND

  • D.The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the socio cultural context.

AND

  • E.The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.

AND

  • F.The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

AND

  • G.The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder,including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms

or other incapacitating symptoms (as in agoraphobia): objects or situations related to obsessions (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder); reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder); separation from home or attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder).

”


References

  1. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Epidemilogy and Demographics

Prevalence

The 12 month prevalence of specific phobia is 7,000-9,000 per 100,000 (7%-9%) of the overall population.[1]

Risk Factors

  • Behavioral inhibition
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Negative affectivity (neuroticism)
  • Parental over protectiveness
  • Parental loss and separation
  • Physical and sexual abuse[1]

Differential Diagnosis


Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder [1]

“
  • A.Panic attacks or anxiety is predominant in the clinical picture.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both (1)and (2):
  • 1.The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication.
  • 2.The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A.

AND

  • C.The disturbance is not better explained by an anxiety disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. Such evidence of an independent anxiety disorder could include

the following:

  • The symptoms precede the onset of the substance/medication use; the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about 1 month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication: or there is other evidence suggesting the existence of an independent non-substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder

(e.g., a history of recurrent non-substance/medication-related episodes).

AND

  • D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Note:This diagnosis should be made instead of a diagnosis of substance intoxication or substance withdrawal only when the symptoms in Criterion A predominate in the clinical picture and they are sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention .


”

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder is not clear in the overall population.[1]


Differential Diagnosis


Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition [1]

{{cquote|

  • A.Panic attacks or anxiety is predominant in the clinical picture.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

AND

  • C.The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

AND

  • D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of anxiety disorder due to another medical condition is unclear in the overall population.[1]


Differential Diagnosis

  • Associated feature of another mental disorder
  • Mixed presentation of symptoms (e.g., mood and anxiety)
  • Other specified or unspecified anxiety disorder
  • Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder


Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder [1]

“
  • A.Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions.

AND

  • B.Repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking.

AND

  • C.The skin picking causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

AND

  • D.The skin picking is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g.,cocaine) or another medical condition (e.g., scabies).

AND

  • E.The skin picking is not better explained by symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., delusions or tactile hallucinations in a psychotic disorder, attempts to improve a perceived defect or flaw in appearance in body dysmorphic disorder, stereotypies in stereotypic movement disorder, or intention to harm oneself in non suicidal self-injury).


 ”


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of excoriation (Skin-Picking) disorder is 1,400 per 100,000 (1.4%) of the overall population.[1]


Risk Factors


Differential Diagnosis

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
  • Other disorders
  • Other medical conditions
  • Psychotic disorder
  • Somatic symptom and related disorders
  • Substance/medication-induced disorders

Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder [1]

“
  • A.Obsessions, compulsions, skin picking, hair pulling, other body-focused repetitive behaviors,or other symptoms characteristic of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders predominate in the clinical picture.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both (1)and (2):
  • 1.The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication.
  • 2.The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A.

AND

  • C.The disturbance is not better explained by an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. Such evidence of an independent obsessive-compulsive and related disorder could include the following:
  • The symptoms precede the onset of the substance/medication use; the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about 1 month) after the cessation of acute

withdrawal or severe intoxication; or there is other evidence suggesting the existence of an independent non-substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (e.g., a history of recurrent non-substance/medication related episodes).

AND

  • D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.


Note:This diagnosis should be made in addition to a diagnosis of substance intoxication or substance withdrawal only when the symptoms in Criterion A predominate in the clinical picture and are sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention .


”

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

The prevalence of substance induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorder is very rare.[1]


Differential Diagnosis

  • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (i.e., not induced by a substance)
  • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition
  • Substance intoxication[1]


Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition [1]

“

A.Obsessions, compulsions, preoccupations with appearance, hoarding, skin picking, hair pulling, other body-focused repetitive behaviors, or other symptoms characteristic 0f obsessive-compulsive and related disorder predominate in the clinical picture. 

B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

C.The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

D.The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

E.The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning


”


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.

Differential Diagnosis

  • Associated feature of another mental disorder
  • Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders


Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Diagnostic Criteria=====DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition [1]=

“
  • A.The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the neurocognitive disorder is the pathophysiological consequence of another medical

condition.

AND


”

References

  1. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.


Differential Diagnosis

  • Other major or mild neurocognitive disorder[1]

Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Etiologies

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Etiologies [1]

“
  • A.The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder.

AND

  • B.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the neurocognitive disorder is the pathophysiological consequence of more than one etiological process, excluding substances (e.g., neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease with subsequent development of vascular neurocognitive disorder).

Note:Please refer to the diagnostic criteria for the various neurocognitive disorders due to specific medical conditions for guidance on establishing the particular etiologies .

AND

  • C.The cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental disorder and do not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.


 ”

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
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