Hypoventilation: Difference between revisions

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'''For patient information, click [[Hypoventilation (patient information)|Hypoventilation]]'''


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}
'''''Synonyms and keywords:'''''


==Overview==
==Overview==
In [[medicine]], '''hypoventilation''' (also known as '''respiratory depression''') occurs when ventilation is inadequate (''hypo'' means "below") to perform needed [[gas exchange]]. It generally causes an increased concentration of [[carbon dioxide]] ([[hypercapnia]]) and [[respiratory acidosis]]. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holding one's breath, or by [[medication|drugs]], typically when taken in [[overdose]].  Hypoventilation may be dangerous for those with [[sleep apnea]].
In [[medicine]], '''hypoventilation''' (also known as '''respiratory depression''') occurs when ventilation is inadequate (''hypo'' means "below") to perform needed [[gas exchange]]. It generally causes an increased concentration of [[carbon dioxide]] ([[hypercapnia]]) and [[respiratory acidosis]]. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holding one's breath, or by [[medication|drugs]], typically when taken in [[overdose]].  Hypoventilation may be dangerous for those with [[sleep apnea]].


As a [[adverse drug reaction|side effect]] of medicines or [[recreational drug]]s, hypoventilation may become potentially life-threatening.
==Historical Perspective==
 
==Classification==
 
==Pathophysiology==
 
=== Genetics ===
 
===Associated Conditions===
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
====CNS Depressant Drugs===
===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]]
 
* Tramadol
===Common Causes===
=====Narcotics=====
 
* [[Heroin]]
 
* Benzodiazepines
===Causes by Organ System===
* Barbiturates
 
=====Opiates=====
 
* Full agonist
 
:* [[Codeine]]
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
:* [[Oxycodone]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
:* [[Fentanyl]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
:* [[Morphine]]
|-
:* [[Methadone]]
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
:* [[Levonorphal]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
* Partial agonist
|-
:* [[Pentazocine]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
:* [[Butorphanol]]
| '''Dental'''
:* [[Nalbuphine]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
:* [[Buprenorphine]]
|-
=====Benzodiazepines=====
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* Long acting
| '''Dermatologic'''
:* [[Flurazepam]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
:* [[Diazepam]]
|-
:* [[Prazepam]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*Intermediate acting
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
:* [[Lorazepam]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
:* [[Estazolam]]
|-
:* [[Temazepam]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
:* [[Oxazepam]]
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
:* [[Alprazolam]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
* Short acting
|-
:* [[Triazolam]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
:* [[Midazolam]]
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
: List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order. You may need to list across the page, as seen [[Jaundice causes#Causes in Alphabetical Order|here]]
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Disease A
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Disease B
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Disease C
{{col-end}}
 
==Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases==
 
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
 
== Risk Factors ==
 
== Screening ==
 
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
 
== Diagnosis ==
 
=== Symptoms ===
 
===Family History===
 
=== Physical Examination ===
 
==== Appearance of the Patient ====
 
====Vital Signs====
 
====Skin====
 
====Head====
 
==== Eyes ====
 
==== Ear ====
 
====Nose====
 
====Throat ====
 
==== Heart ====
 
==== Lungs ====
 
==== Abdomen ====
 
==== Extremities ====
 
==== Neurologic ====
 
==== Other ====
 
=== Laboratory Findings ===  
 
==== Biomarker Studies ====
 
====CT ====
 
==== MRI ====
 
==== Ultrasound ====
 
== Treatment ==
=== Pharmacotherapy ===
 
==== Acute Pharmacotherapies ====
 
==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====


Respiratory stimulants such as [[nikethamide]] were traditionally used to counteract respiratory depression from CNS depressant overdose, but were of only limited effectiveness. A new respiratory stimulant drug [[BIMU8]] is currently being investigated which seems to be significantly more effective and may be useful for counteracting the respiratory depression produced by opiates and similar drugs without offsetting their therapeutic or recreational effects.
=== Surgery and Device Based Therapy ===


A disorder referred to as "[[Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome]]" or "[[CCHS]]" is recognized. This condition may be a significant factor in some cases of [[sudden infant death syndrome]] or "cot death".
==== Indications for Surgery ====


The opposite condition is [[hyperventilation]] (too much ventilation), resulting in low carbon dioxide levels ([[hypocapnia]]), rather than hypercapnia.
==== Pre-Operative Assessment ====


==Related Chapter==
==== Post-Operative Management ====
*[[Dyspnea]]


{{Symptoms and signs }}
===Primary Prevention===
====Genetic Counseling====


==References==
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Pulmonology]]


{{WH}}
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WS}}
[[Category:FLK]]

Revision as of 15:26, 4 December 2014

Hypoventilation
ICD-10 R06.8
DiseasesDB 29214
MeSH D007040

For patient information, click Hypoventilation

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords:

Overview

In medicine, hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means "below") to perform needed gas exchange. It generally causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holding one's breath, or by drugs, typically when taken in overdose. Hypoventilation may be dangerous for those with sleep apnea.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Genetics

Associated Conditions

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order. You may need to list across the page, as seen here

Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Symptoms

Family History

Physical Examination

Appearance of the Patient

Vital Signs

Skin

Head

Eyes

Ear

Nose

Throat

Heart

Lungs

Abdomen

Extremities

Neurologic

Other

Laboratory Findings

Biomarker Studies

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Acute Pharmacotherapies

Chronic Pharmacotherapies

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

Indications for Surgery

Pre-Operative Assessment

Post-Operative Management

Primary Prevention

Genetic Counseling

References


Template:WikiDoc Sources

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