Streptomycin is an [[antibiotic]] drug, the first of a class of drugs called [[aminoglycoside]]s to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for [[tuberculosis]]. It is derived from the [[actinobacteria|actinobacterium]] ''Streptomyces griseus''.
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Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by regular [[intramuscular injection]]. An adverse effect of this medicine is [[ototoxicity]]. It can result in permanent [[hearing loss]].
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== Mechanism of Action ==
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Streptomycin stops bacterial growth by damaging [[cell membrane]]s and inhibiting [[protein synthesis]]. Specifically, it binds to the 16S [[rRNA]] of the bacterial [[ribosome]], interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-[[tRNA]] to the [[30S]] subunit. This prevents initiation of protein synthesis. Humans have structurally different ribosomes from bacteria, thereby allowing the selectivity of this antibiotic for bacteria.
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==Historical Perspective==
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It was first isolated on October 19, 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student, in the laboratory of [[Selman Abraham Waksman]] at Rutgers University. Waksman and his laboratory discovered several antibiotics, including [[actinomycin]], clavacin, streptothricin, streptomycin, grisein, [[neomycin]], fradicin, [[candicidin]] and candidin. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin found extensive application in the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Streptomycin was the first [[antibiotic]] that could be used to cure the disease [[tuberculosis]]; early production of the drug was dominated by [[Merck & Co.]] under [[George W. Merck]].
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The first [[randomized controlled trial]] to be completed and, therefore, the first to be published, it was run by England's Medical Research Council and pitted streptomycin and bed rest against bed rest alone, which was then the standard TB therapy. It accrued its first patients in January 1947.
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==Uses==
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===Treatment of disease===
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* [[Tuberculosis]] in combination with other anti-TB drugs. It is not the first line treatment.
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* [[Yersinia pestis]] known popularly by one of its variants, the [[bubonic plague]], has been treated using this, [[chloramphenicol]], and [[tetracycline]].
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* [[Infective endocarditis]] caused by enterococcus when the organism is not sensitive to [[Gentamicin]]
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* In [[veterinary medicine]], streptomycin is the first line antibiotic for use against [[gram negative]] bacteria in large animals (horses, cattle, sheep etc.). It is commonly combined with procaine penicillin for intramuscular injection.
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===Bacterial selection experiments===
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When grown on medium containing streptomycin, bacteria such as ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' are dependent upon expression of the ''aadA'' gene in order to survive (Joung ''et al.'', 2000). Thus, a suitably engineered ''E. coli'' strain, can be combined with a streptomycin-doped medium to select only bacteria hosting a successful interaction in [[two-hybrid screening]] experiments and methods derivative of two-hybrid screening (Hurt ''et al.'', 2003; Joung ''et al.'', 2000)
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===Pesticide===
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Streptomycin is also used as a [[pesticide]], to combat the growth of [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and [[algae]]. Streptomycin controls bacterial and fungal diseases of certain fruit, vegetables, seed, and ornamental crops, and controls algae in ornamental ponds and aquaria. A major use is in the control of fireblight on apple and pear trees. As in medical applications, extensive use can be associated with the development of resistant strains.
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==References==
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[[Category:Antibiotics]]
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|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
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|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
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|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
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|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
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|fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
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|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
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|brandNames=* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title = | url = }}</ref>
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|lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher = | date = }}</ref>
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Black Box Warning
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See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
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Content
Overview
Streptomycin is a that is FDA approved for the of . There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include .
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
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Dosing Information
Dosage
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Dosing Information
Dosage
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Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition4
Dosing Information
Dosage
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
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Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
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There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Streptomycin in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
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Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Streptomycin in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Streptomycin in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Streptomycin in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Streptomycin in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
Condition1
Warnings
ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
Content
Description
Precautions
Description
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Streptomycin in the drug label.
Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Hematologic and Lymphatic
Metabolic and Nutritional
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Respiratory
Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions
Special Senses
Urogenital
Miscellaneous
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Streptomycin in the drug label.
