Yellow fever risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
A traveler’s risk of acquiring yellow fever is determined by various factors, including immunization status, location of travel, season, duration of exposure, occupational and recreational activities while traveling, and the local rate of [[virus]] [[transmission]] at the time of travel. Although reported cases of human disease are the principal indicator of disease risk, case reports may be absent because of a high level of [[immunity]] in the population (e.g., due to [[vaccination]] campaigns), or because cases are not detected by local | *A traveler’s risk of acquiring yellow fever is determined by various factors, including immunization status, location of travel, season, duration of exposure, occupational and recreational activities while traveling, and the local rate of [[virus]] [[transmission]] at the time of travel. <ref name=CDC>{{cite web| url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever| title= CDC Travelers' Health - Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases Related To Travel - Yellow Fever}}</ref> | ||
*Although reported cases of human disease are the principal indicator of disease risk, case reports may be absent because of a high level of [[immunity]] in the population (e.g., due to [[vaccination]] campaigns), or because cases are not detected by local surveillance systems. | |||
*Only a small proportion of yellow fever cases is recognized and officially reported because the involved areas are often remote and lack specific diagnostic capabilities.The risk of acquiring yellow fever is difficult to predict because of variations in ecologic determinants of [[virus]] [[transmission]]. | |||
*During interepidemic periods, low-level [[transmission]] may not be detected by [[public health]] surveillance. | |||
*Such interepidemic conditions may last years or even decades in certain countries or regions. | |||
*This “epidemiologic silence” does not equate to absence of risk and should not lead to travel without the protection provided by [[vaccination]]. | |||
*The risk of acquiring yellow fever in South America is lower than that in Africa, because the mosquitoes that transmit the virus between monkeys in the forest canopy in South America do not often come in contact with humans. | |||
*Additionally, there is a relatively high level of immunity in local residents because of vaccine use, which might reduce the risk of transmission | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:26, 22 December 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
- A traveler’s risk of acquiring yellow fever is determined by various factors, including immunization status, location of travel, season, duration of exposure, occupational and recreational activities while traveling, and the local rate of virus transmission at the time of travel. [1]
- Although reported cases of human disease are the principal indicator of disease risk, case reports may be absent because of a high level of immunity in the population (e.g., due to vaccination campaigns), or because cases are not detected by local surveillance systems.
- Only a small proportion of yellow fever cases is recognized and officially reported because the involved areas are often remote and lack specific diagnostic capabilities.The risk of acquiring yellow fever is difficult to predict because of variations in ecologic determinants of virus transmission.
- During interepidemic periods, low-level transmission may not be detected by public health surveillance.
- Such interepidemic conditions may last years or even decades in certain countries or regions.
- This “epidemiologic silence” does not equate to absence of risk and should not lead to travel without the protection provided by vaccination.
- The risk of acquiring yellow fever in South America is lower than that in Africa, because the mosquitoes that transmit the virus between monkeys in the forest canopy in South America do not often come in contact with humans.
- Additionally, there is a relatively high level of immunity in local residents because of vaccine use, which might reduce the risk of transmission
References