Acrocyanosis causes: Difference between revisions
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*[[acrocyanosis|Acrocyanosis of infancy]] | *[[acrocyanosis|Acrocyanosis of infancy]] | ||
*[[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]] | *[[chronic fatigue syndrome|Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome]] | ||
*[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]] | *[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome]] <ref name="pmid15303808">{{cite journal| author=Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA| title=Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases. | journal=Acta Paediatr | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 7 | pages= 929-36 | pmid=15303808 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15303808 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Amiodarone]] | *[[Amiodarone]] | ||
*[[amphotericin B|Amphotericin B deoxycholate]] | *[[amphotericin B|Amphotericin B deoxycholate]] <ref name="pmid17472626">{{cite journal| author=Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F| title=Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex. | journal=Mycoses | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 242 | pmid=17472626 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17472626 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Anorexia nervosa]] | *[[Anorexia nervosa]] <ref name="pmid16721178">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell JE, Crow S| title=Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. | journal=Curr Opin Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-43 | pmid=16721178 | doi=10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16721178 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15943493">{{cite journal| author=Strumia R| title=Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. | journal=Am J Clin Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 165-73 | pmid=15943493 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15943493 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] | *[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid19219311">{{cite journal| author=Salluh JI, Soares M, De Meis E| title=Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients. | journal=Clinics (Sao Paulo) | year= 2009 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 79-82 | pmid=19219311 | doi= | pmc=PMC2666481 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19219311 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19102091">{{cite journal| author=Diallo M, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT, Ndiaye B| title=[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]. | journal=Dakar Med | year= 2007 | volume= 52 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-5 | pmid=19102091 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19102091 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Arsenic poisoning]] | *[[Arsenic poisoning]] | ||
*[[asperger syndrome|Asperger disease]] | *[[asperger syndrome|Asperger disease]] | ||
| Line 151: | Line 151: | ||
*[[brachial plexus|Brachial plexus neuropathy]] | *[[brachial plexus|Brachial plexus neuropathy]] | ||
*[[Buerger's disease]] | *[[Buerger's disease]] | ||
*[[Bulimia nervosa]] | *[[Bulimia nervosa]] <ref name="pmid16721178">{{cite journal| author=Mitchell JE, Crow S| title=Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. | journal=Curr Opin Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-43 | pmid=16721178 | doi=10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16721178 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15943493">{{cite journal| author=Strumia R| title=Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. | journal=Am J Clin Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 165-73 | pmid=15943493 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15943493 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Burkitt's lymphoma]] | *[[Burkitt's lymphoma]] | ||
*[[Butyl nitrate]] | *[[Butyl nitrate]] | ||
*[[Butyl nitrite]] | *[[Butyl nitrite]] | ||
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]] | *[[Carcinoid syndrome]] <ref name="pmid18033083">{{cite journal| author=Di Lucca J, Mahé E, Saiag P| title=[Severe acrocyanosis in carcinoid syndrome]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 2007 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 895-6 | pmid=18033083 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18033083 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Castleman's disease]] | *[[Castleman's disease]] | ||
*[[cervical plexus|Cervical plexus compression neuropathy]] | *[[cervical plexus|Cervical plexus compression neuropathy]] | ||
*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] | *[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] | ||
*[[orthostatic intolerance|Chronic orthostatic intolerance]] | *[[orthostatic intolerance|Chronic orthostatic intolerance]] | ||
*[[Cold agglutinin disease]] | *[[Cold agglutinin disease]] <ref name="pmid21558747">{{cite journal| author=Hirono H, Kubota T, Funakoshi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa K, Soga K et al.| title=[A case of superior mesenteric artery occlusion associated with idiopathic chronic cold agglutinin disease]. | journal=Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi | year= 2011 | volume= 108 | issue= 5 | pages= 791-8 | pmid=21558747 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21558747 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Cold exposure]] | *[[Cold exposure]] | ||
*[[Congenital syphilis]] | *[[Congenital syphilis]] | ||
*[[CREST syndrome]] | *[[CREST syndrome]] <ref name="pmid21956352">{{cite journal| author=Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A| title=Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry. | journal=Minerva Stomatol | year= 2011 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 443-65 | pmid=21956352 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21956352 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Cryoglobulinemia]] | *[[Cryoglobulinemia]] | ||
*[[Cytomegalovirus]] | *[[Cytomegalovirus]] | ||
| Line 172: | Line 172: | ||
*[[Essential thrombocytopenia]] | *[[Essential thrombocytopenia]] | ||
*[[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|Ethylmalonic aciduria]] | *[[ethylmalonic encephalopathy|Ethylmalonic aciduria]] | ||
*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]] | *[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]] <ref name="pmid16376514">{{cite journal| author=Heberle LC, Al Tawari AA, Ramadan DG, Ibrahim JK| title=Ethylmalonic encephalopathy-report of two cases. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 2006 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=16376514 | doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2005.10.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16376514 }} </ref> | ||
{{col-break|width=33%}} | {{col-break|width=33%}} | ||
*[[spastic paraplegia|Familial spastic paraplegia]] | *[[spastic paraplegia|Familial spastic paraplegia]] | ||
*[[Fluoxetine]] | *[[Fluoxetine]] | ||
*[[Fucosidosis]] | *[[Fucosidosis]] | ||
*[[Gemcitabine]] | *[[Gemcitabine]] <ref name="pmid19490003">{{cite journal| author=Holstein A, Bätge R, Egberts EH| title=Gemcitabine induced digital ischaemia and necrosis. | journal=Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 408-9 | pmid=19490003 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01057.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19490003 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Genetic]] | *[[Genetic]] | ||
*[[High altitude]] | *[[High altitude]] | ||
*[[HIV]] | *[[HIV]] | ||
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] | *[[Hodgkin lymphoma]] <ref name="pmid16432859">{{cite journal| author=Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I| title=Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2006 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-2 | pmid=16432859 | doi=10.1002/ajh.20479 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16432859 }} </ref> | ||
*[[hyperoxaluria|Hyperoxaluria type 1]] | *[[hyperoxaluria|Hyperoxaluria type 1]] | ||
*[[Idiopathic]] | *[[Idiopathic]] | ||
| Line 192: | Line 192: | ||
*[[Livedoid vasculopathy]] | *[[Livedoid vasculopathy]] | ||
*[[Malignancy]] | *[[Malignancy]] | ||
*[[Methemoglobinemia]] | *[[Methemoglobinemia]] <ref name="pmid18605250">{{cite journal| author=Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J| title=Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. | journal=Proc West Pharmacol Soc | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= | pages= 134-5 | pmid=18605250 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18605250 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Metoclopramide]] | *[[Metoclopramide]] | ||
*[[Mitochondrial disease]] | *[[Mitochondrial disease]] | ||
| Line 201: | Line 201: | ||
*[[Neurocirculatory asthenia]] | *[[Neurocirculatory asthenia]] | ||
*[[Ovarian cancer]] | *[[Ovarian cancer]] | ||
*[[Oxalosis]] | *[[Oxalosis]] <ref name="pmid23103120">{{cite journal| author=Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ| title=Oxalosis and livedo reticularis. | journal=Actas Dermosifiliogr | year= 2013 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 815-8 | pmid=23103120 | doi=10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103120 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21768445">{{cite journal| author=Blackmon JA, Jeffy BG, Malone JC, Knable AL| title=Oxalosis involving the skin: case report and literature review. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 147 | issue= 11 | pages= 1302-5 | pmid=21768445 | doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2011.182 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21768445 }} </ref> | ||
*[[paraneoplastic syndrome|Paraneoplastic disorder]] | *[[paraneoplastic syndrome|Paraneoplastic disorder]] | ||
*[[Paraproteinemia]] | *[[Paraproteinemia]] | ||
*[[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]] | *[[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]] | ||
*[[Parvovirus B19 infection]] | *[[Parvovirus B19 infection]] | ||
*[[Phenazopyridine]] | *[[Phenazopyridine]] <ref name="pmid19300288">{{cite journal| author=Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG| title=Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 127-9 | pmid=19300288 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e31819db6db | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19300288 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Pickwickian syndrome]] | *[[Pickwickian syndrome]] | ||
*[[POEMS syndrome]] | *[[POEMS syndrome]] <ref name="pmid23557151">{{cite journal| author=Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A, Lohse CM, el-Azhary RA| title=Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome. | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 11 | pages= 1349-56 | pmid=23557151 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05648.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23557151 }} </ref> | ||
{{col-break|width=33%}} | {{col-break|width=33%}} | ||
*[[Polycythemia]] | *[[Polycythemia]] | ||
| Line 219: | Line 219: | ||
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | *[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]] | *[[Raynaud's phenomenon]] | ||
*Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis | *Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis <ref name="pmid20418987">{{cite journal| author=Das S, Roy AK, Maiti A| title=Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis - a rare entity. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 55 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-6 | pmid=20418987 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.60362 | pmc=PMC2856383 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20418987 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] | *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] | ||
*[[Sandifer syndrome]] | *[[Sandifer syndrome]] | ||
*[[thoracic outlet syndrome|Scalenus anterior syndrome]] | *[[thoracic outlet syndrome|Scalenus anterior syndrome]] | ||
*[[Schizophrenia]] | *[[Schizophrenia]] | ||
*[[Scleroderma]] | *[[Scleroderma]] <ref name="pmid21956352">{{cite journal| author=Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A| title=Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry. | journal=Minerva Stomatol | year= 2011 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 443-65 | pmid=21956352 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21956352 }} </ref> | ||
*[[polycythemia|Secondary polycythemia]] | *[[polycythemia|Secondary polycythemia]] | ||
*[[Secondary syphilis]] | *[[Secondary syphilis]] | ||
| Line 233: | Line 233: | ||
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] | *[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] | ||
*[[cervical rib|Supernumerary cervical rib]] | *[[cervical rib|Supernumerary cervical rib]] | ||
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] <ref name="pmid20693202">{{cite journal| author=Richter JG, Sander O, Schneider M, Klein-Weigel P| title=Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=Lupus | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 9 | pages= 1087-95 | pmid=20693202 | doi=10.1177/0961203310374304 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20693202 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Systemic sclerosis]] | *[[Systemic sclerosis]] <ref name="pmid17134313">{{cite journal| author=Feito Rodríguez M, García Macarrón J, Martín Díaz MA, Rubio Flores C, Vidaurrázaga Díaz-Arcaya C| title=[Acrocyanosis as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 2006 | volume= 23 | issue= 10 | pages= 490-2 | pmid=17134313 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17134313 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Takayasu arteritis]] | *[[Takayasu arteritis]] | ||
*[[Thoracic outlet syndrome]] | *[[Thoracic outlet syndrome]] | ||
*[[Tolazoline]] | *[[Tolazoline]] | ||
*[[Tonic-clonic seizure]] | *[[Tonic-clonic seizure]] | ||
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]] | *[[Tricyclic antidepressants]] <ref name="pmid12921305">{{cite journal| author=Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS| title=Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report. | journal=Turk J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 155-7 | pmid=12921305 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12921305 }} </ref> | ||
*Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome | *Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome | ||
*[[Vasopressors]] | *[[Vasopressors]] | ||
Revision as of 04:00, 25 February 2015
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Acrocyanosis Microchapters |
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Case Studies |
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Acrocyanosis causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Acrocyanosis causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]
Overview
Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects[1]. Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
- ↑ Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F (2013). "An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder". J Child Neurol. 28 (5): 668–71. doi:10.1177/0883073812449070. PMID 22805253.
- ↑ Gayraud M (2007). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Joint Bone Spine. 74 (1): e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002. PMID 17218139.
- ↑ Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA (2004). "Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases". Acta Paediatr. 93 (7): 929–36. PMID 15303808.
- ↑ Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F (2007). "Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex". Mycoses. 50 (3): 242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x. PMID 17472626.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mitchell JE, Crow S (2006). "Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 19 (4): 438–43. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e. PMID 16721178.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Strumia R (2005). "Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders". Am J Clin Dermatol. 6 (3): 165–73. PMID 15943493.
- ↑ Salluh JI, Soares M, De Meis E (2009). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 64 (2): 79–82. PMC 2666481. PMID 19219311.
- ↑ Diallo M, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT, Ndiaye B (2007). "[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]". Dakar Med. 52 (1): 41–5. PMID 19102091.
- ↑ Di Lucca J, Mahé E, Saiag P (2007). "[Severe acrocyanosis in carcinoid syndrome]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 134 (11): 895–6. PMID 18033083.
- ↑ Hirono H, Kubota T, Funakoshi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa K, Soga K; et al. (2011). "[A case of superior mesenteric artery occlusion associated with idiopathic chronic cold agglutinin disease]". Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 108 (5): 791–8. PMID 21558747.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A (2011). "Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry". Minerva Stomatol. 60 (9): 443–65. PMID 21956352.
- ↑ Heberle LC, Al Tawari AA, Ramadan DG, Ibrahim JK (2006). "Ethylmalonic encephalopathy-report of two cases". Brain Dev. 28 (5): 329–31. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2005.10.005. PMID 16376514.
- ↑ Holstein A, Bätge R, Egberts EH (2010). "Gemcitabine induced digital ischaemia and necrosis". Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 19 (3): 408–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01057.x. PMID 19490003.
- ↑ Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I (2006). "Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma". Am J Hematol. 81 (2): 151–2. doi:10.1002/ajh.20479. PMID 16432859.
- ↑ Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J (2007). "Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo". Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 50: 134–5. PMID 18605250.
- ↑ Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ (2013). "Oxalosis and livedo reticularis". Actas Dermosifiliogr. 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120.
- ↑ Blackmon JA, Jeffy BG, Malone JC, Knable AL (2011). "Oxalosis involving the skin: case report and literature review". Arch Dermatol. 147 (11): 1302–5. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.182. PMID 21768445.
- ↑ Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG (2009). "Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon". J Clin Rheumatol. 15 (3): 127–9. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31819db6db. PMID 19300288.
- ↑ Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A, Lohse CM, el-Azhary RA (2013). "Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome". Int J Dermatol. 52 (11): 1349–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05648.x. PMID 23557151.
- ↑ Das S, Roy AK, Maiti A (2010). "Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis - a rare entity". Indian J Dermatol. 55 (1): 95–6. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.60362. PMC 2856383. PMID 20418987.
- ↑ Richter JG, Sander O, Schneider M, Klein-Weigel P (2010). "Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 19 (9): 1087–95. doi:10.1177/0961203310374304. PMID 20693202.
- ↑ Feito Rodríguez M, García Macarrón J, Martín Díaz MA, Rubio Flores C, Vidaurrázaga Díaz-Arcaya C (2006). "[Acrocyanosis as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis]". An Med Interna. 23 (10): 490–2. PMID 17134313.
- ↑ Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS (2003). "Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report". Turk J Pediatr. 45 (2): 155–7. PMID 12921305.