Anaphylaxis and severe allergic reactions have been observed in patients during and up to 24 hours after NAGLAZYME infusion. Some of the reactions were life-threatening and included anaphylaxis, shock, respiratory distress, dyspnea, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and hypotension. If anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reactions occur, NAGLAZYME should be immediately discontinued, and appropriate medical treatment should be initiated. In patients who have experienced anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reactions during infusion with NAGLAZYME, caution should be exercised upon rechallenge; appropriately trained personnel and equipment for emergency resuscitation (including epinephrine) should be available during infusion [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
====Precautions====
5.2 Immune-mediated Reactions
Type III immune complex-mediated reactions, including membranous glomerulonephritis have been observed with NAGLAZYME, as with other enzyme replacement therapies. If immune-mediated reactions occur, discontinuation of the administration of NAGLAZYME should be considered, and appropriate medical treatment initiated. The risks and benefits of re-administering NAGLAZYME following an immune-mediated reaction should be considered. Some patients have successfully been rechallenged and have continued to receive NAGLAZYME under close clinical supervision [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
* Description
5.3 Risk of Acute Cardiorespiratory Failure
Caution should be exercised when administering NAGLAZYME to patients susceptible to fluid volume overload; such as in patients weighing 20 kg or less, patients with acute underlying respiratory illness, or patients with compromised cardiac and/or respiratory function, because congestive heart failure may result. Appropriate medical support and monitoring measures should be readily available during NAGLAZYME infusion, and some patients may require prolonged observation times that should be based on the individual needs of the patient [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
5.4 Acute Respiratory Complications Associated with Administration
Sleep apnea is common in MPS VI patients and antihistamine pretreatment may increase the risk of apneic episodes. Evaluation of airway patency should be considered prior to initiation of treatment. Patients using supplemental oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during sleep should have these treatments readily available during infusion in the event of an infusion reaction, or extreme drowsiness/sleep induced by antihistamine use.
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
Consider delaying NAGLAZYME infusions in patients who present with an acute febrile or respiratory illness because of the possibility of acute respiratory compromise during infusion of NAGLAZYME.
|clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
5.5 Infusion Reactions
Because of the potential for infusion reactions, patients should receive antihistamines with or without antipyretics prior to infusion. Despite routine pretreatment with antihistamines, infusion reactions, some severe, occurred in 33 of 59 (56%) patients treated with NAGLAZYME. Serious adverse reactions during infusion included laryngeal edema, apnea, pyrexia, urticaria, respiratory distress, angioedema, and anaphylactoid reaction. Severe adverse reactions included urticaria, chest pain, rash, dyspnea, apnea, laryngeal edema, and conjunctivitis [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
The most common symptoms of drug-related infusion reactions were pyrexia, chills, rash, urticaria, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, pruritis, erythema, abdominal pain, hypertension, and headache. Respiratory distress, chest pain, hypotension, angioedema, conjunctivitis, tremor, and cough were also reported. Infusion reactions began as early as Week 1 and as late as Week 146 of NAGLAZYME treatment. Twenty-three of 33 patients (70%) experienced recurrent infusion reactions during multiple infusions though not always in consecutive weeks.
Symptoms typically abated with slowing or temporary interruption of the infusion and administration of additional antihistamines, antipyretics, and occasionally corticosteroids. Most patients were able to complete their infusions. Subsequent infusions were managed with a slower rate of NAGLAZYME administration, treatment with additional prophylactic antihistamines, and, in the event of a more severe reaction, treatment with prophylactic corticosteroids.
If severe infusion reactions occur, immediately discontinue the infusion of NAGLAZYME and initiate appropriate treatment. The risks and benefits of re-administering NAGLAZYME following a severe reaction should be considered.
=====Cardiovascular=====
No factors were identified that predisposed patients to infusion reactions. There was no association between severity of infusion reactions and titer of anti-galsulfase antibodies.
5.6 Spinal or Cervical Cord Compression
Spinal or cervical cord compression (SCC) with resultant myelopathy is a known and serious complication of MPS VI. SCC is expected to occur in the natural history of the disease, including in patients on NAGLAZYME. There have been post-marketing reports of patients treated with NAGLAZYME who experienced the onset or worsening of SCC requiring decompression surgery. Patients with MPS VI should be monitored for signs and symptoms of spinal/cervical cord compression (including back pain, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence) and given appropriate clinical care.
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
|clinicalTrials=Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates observed in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
=====Digestive=====
NAGLAZYME was studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 19 patients received weekly infusions of 1 mg/kg NAGLAZYME and 20 patients received placebo; of the 39 patients 66% were female, and 62% were White, non-Hispanic. Patients were aged 5 years to 29 years. NAGLAZYME-treated patients were approximately 3 years older than placebo-treated patients (mean age 13.7 years versus 10.7 years, respectively).
Serious adverse reactions experienced in this trial include apnea, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Severe adverse reactions include chest pain, dyspnea, laryngeal edema, and conjunctivitis. The most common adverse reactions requiring interventions were infusion reactions.
Table 1 summarizes the adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trial in at least 2 patients more in the NAGLAZYME‑treated group than in the placebo-treated group.
: [[File:Galsulfase Adv eff.png|thumb|none|400px|This image is provided by National Liberary of Medicine]]
=====Endocrine=====
Four open-label clinical trials were conducted in MPS VI patients aged 3 months to 29 years with NAGLAZYME administered at doses of 0.2 mg/kg (n = 2), 1 mg/kg (n = 55), and 2 mg/kg (n = 2). The mean exposure to the recommended dose of NAGLAZYME (1 mg/kg) was 138 weeks (range = 54 to 261 weeks). Two infants (12.1 months and 12.7 months) were exposed to 2 mg/kg of NAGLAZYME for 105 and 81 weeks, respectively.
In addition to those listed in Table 1, common adverse reactions observed in the open-label trials include pruritus, urticaria, pyrexia, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The most common adverse reactions requiring interventions were infusion reactions. Serious adverse reactions included laryngeal edema, urticaria, angioedema, and other allergic reactions. Severe adverse reactions included urticaria, rash, and abdominal pain.
Observed adverse events in four open-label studies (up to 261 weeks treatment) were not different in nature or severity to those observed in the placebo-controlled study. No patients discontinued during open-label treatment with NAGLAZYME due to adverse events.
6.2 Immunogenicity
Ninety-eight percent (53/54) of patients treated with NAGLAZYME and evaluable for the presence of antibodies to galsulfase developed anti-galsulfase IgG antibodies within 4 to 8 weeks of treatment (in four clinical studies). In 19 patients treated with NAGLAZYME from the placebo-controlled study, serum samples were evaluated for a potential relationship of anti-galsulfase antibody development to clinical outcome measures. All 19 patients treated with NAGLAZYME developed antibodies specific to galsulfase; however, the analysis revealed no consistent predictive relationship between total antibody titer, neutralizing or IgE antibodies, and infusion‑associated reactions, urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, or endurance measures. Antibodies were assessed for the ability to inhibit enzymatic activity but not cellular uptake.
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
The data reflect the percentage of patients whose test results were considered positive for antibodies to galsulfase using specific assays and are highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibodies in an assay may be influenced by several factors including sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to galsulfase with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.
|postmarketing=The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of NAGLAZYME. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
In addition to infusion reactions reported in clinical trials, serious reactions which occurred during NAGLAZYME infusion in the worldwide marketing experience include anaphylaxis, shock, hypotension, bronchospasm, and respiratory failure.
Additional infusion reactions included pyrexia, erythema, pallor, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypoxia, cyanosis, tachypnea, and paresthesia.
During postmarketing surveillance, there has been a single case of membranous nephropathy and rare cases of thrombocytopenia reported. In the case of membranous nephropathy, renal biopsy revealed galsulfase‑immunoglobulin complexes in the glomeruli. With both membranous nephropathy and thrombocytopenia, patients have been successfully rechallenged and have continued to receive NAGLAZYME.
|drugInteractions=
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
|FDAPregCat=B
|useInPregnancyFDA=* Adequate and well-controlled studies have not been conducted with NAGLAZYME in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 0.5 times the recommended human dose of 1 mg/kg based on the body surface area) and in rabbits at intravenous doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 0.97 times the recommended human dose of 1 mg/kg based on the body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to NAGLAZYME. NAGLAZYME should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
|postmarketing=There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Cardiovascular=====
=====Digestive=====
=====Endocrine=====
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Drug Interactions-->
|drugInteractions=* Drug
:* Description
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
Pregnant women with MPS VI who are treated with NAGLAZYME should be encouraged to enroll in the MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program at 800-983-4587
|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers.
|useInNursing=* It is not known whether NAGLAZYME is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when NAGLAZYME is administered to a nursing mother. Nursing mothers with MPS VI who are treated with NAGLAZYME should be encouraged to enroll in the MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program at 800-983-4587
|useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInPed=* Clinical studies with NAGLAZYME were conducted in 56 patients, ages 5 to 29 years, with the majority of these patients in the pediatric age group [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)]. In addition, an open-label study was conducted in four infants (3 months to 12.7 months) treated with 1 mg/kg (n = 2) or 2 mg/kg (n = 2) of NAGLAZYME. Safety results in infants were consistent with results observed in patients 5 to 29 years old
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGeri=* Clinical studies of NAGLAZYME did not include patients older than 29 years of age. It is not known whether older patients respond differently from younger patients.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
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<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=* Oral
|administration=* Intravenous
|monitoring=* Clinical studies of NAGLAZYME did not include patients older than 29 years of age. It is not known whether older patients respond differently from younger patients.
* Intravenous
* Caution should be exercised when administering NAGLAZYME to patients susceptible to fluid volume overload; such as in patients weighing 20 kg or less, patients with acute underlying respiratory illness, or patients with compromised cardiac and/or respiratory function, because congestive heart failure may result. Appropriate medical support and monitoring measures should be readily available during NAGLAZYME infusion, and some patients may require prolonged observation times that should be based on the individual needs of the patient
|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
* Patients with MPS VI should be monitored for signs and symptoms of spinal/cervical cord compression (including back pain, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence) and given appropriate clinical care.
* Description
<!--IV Compatibility-->
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
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Overview
Galsulfase is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-specific enzyme that is FDA approved for the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis VI. Common adverse reactions include rash, pain, urticaria, pyrexia, pruritus, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dyspnea, infusion-related reactions.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Indications
NAGLAZYME (galsulfase) is indicated for patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome). NAGLAZYME has been shown to improve walking and stair-climbing capacity.
Dosage
Recommended Dose
The recommended dosage regimen of NAGLAZYME is 1 mg per kg of body weight administered once weekly as an intravenous infusion.
Pretreatment with antihistamines with or without antipyretics is recommended 30 to 60 minutes prior to the start of the infusion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.2)].
The total volume of the infusion should be delivered over a period of time of no less than 4 hours. NAGLAZYME should be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to a final volume of 250 mL and delivered by controlled intravenous infusion using an infusion pump. The initial infusion rate should be 6 mL per hour for the first hour. If the infusion is well tolerated, the rate of infusion may be increased to 80 mL per hour for the remaining 3 hours. The infusion time can be extended up to 20 hours if infusion reactions occur.
For patients 20 kg and under or those who are susceptible to fluid volume overload, physicians may consider diluting NAGLAZYME in a volume of 100 mL [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1) and ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)]. The infusion rate (mL per hour) should be decreased so that the total infusion duration remains no less than 4 hours.
Each vial of NAGLAZYME provides 5 mg of galsulfase (expressed as protein content) in 5 mL of solution and is intended for single use only. Do not use the vial more than one time. The concentrated solution for infusion must be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, using aseptic techniques. Prepare Naglazyme using low-protein-binding containers and administer the diluted NAGLAZYME solution to patients using a low-protein-binding infusion set equipped with a low-protein-binding 0.2 µm in-line filter. There is no information on the compatibility of diluted NAGLAZYME with glass containers.
2.2 Instructions for Use
Prepare and use NAGLAZYME according to the following steps. Use aseptic techniques.
Determine the number of vials to be used based on the patient's weight and the recommended dose of 1 mg per kg:
Patient's weight (kg) x 1 mL/kg of NAGLAZYME = Total number of mL of NAGLAZYME
Total number of mL of NAGLAZYME ÷ 5 mL per vial = Total number of vials
Round up to the next whole vial. Remove the required number of vials from the refrigerator to allow them to reach room temperature. Do not allow vials to remain at room temperature longer than 24 hours prior to dilution. Do not heat or microwave vials.
Before withdrawing the NAGLAZYME solution from the vial, visually inspect each vial for particulate matter and discoloration. The NAGLAZYME solution should be clear to slightly opalescent and colorless to pale yellow. Some translucency may be present in the solution. Do not use if the solution is discolored or if there is particulate matter in the solution.
From a 250 mL infusion bag of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, withdraw and discard a volume equal to the volume of NAGLAZYME solution to be added. If using a 100 mL infusion bag, this step is not necessary.
Slowly withdraw the calculated volume of NAGLAZYME from the appropriate number of vials using caution to avoid excessive agitation. Do not use a filter needle, as this may cause agitation. Agitation may denature NAGLAZYME, rendering it biologically inactive.
Slowly add the NAGLAZYME solution to the 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, using care to avoid agitation of the solutions. Do not use a filter needle.
Gently rotate the infusion bag to ensure proper distribution of NAGLAZYME. Do not shake the solution.
Administer the diluted NAGLAZYME solution to patients using a low-protein-binding infusion set equipped with a low-protein-binding 0.2 µm in-line filter.
NAGLAZYME does not contain preservatives; therefore, after dilution with saline, the infusion bags should be used immediately. If immediate use is not possible, the diluted solution must be stored refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and administered within 48 hours from the time of dilution to completion of administration. Other than during infusion, do not store the diluted NAGLAZYME solution at room temperature. Any unused product or waste material must be discarded and disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
NAGLAZYME must not be infused with other products in the infusion tubing. The compatibility of NAGLAZYME in solution with other products has not been evaluated.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Injection; 5 mL vials (5 mg per 5 mL).
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Galsulfase in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Galsulfase in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Indications
NAGLAZYME (galsulfase) is indicated for patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome). NAGLAZYME has been shown to improve walking and stair-climbing capacity.
Dosage
Recommended Dose
The recommended dosage regimen of NAGLAZYME is 1 mg per kg of body weight administered once weekly as an intravenous infusion.
Pretreatment with antihistamines with or without antipyretics is recommended 30 to 60 minutes prior to the start of the infusion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.2)].
The total volume of the infusion should be delivered over a period of time of no less than 4 hours. NAGLAZYME should be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to a final volume of 250 mL and delivered by controlled intravenous infusion using an infusion pump. The initial infusion rate should be 6 mL per hour for the first hour. If the infusion is well tolerated, the rate of infusion may be increased to 80 mL per hour for the remaining 3 hours. The infusion time can be extended up to 20 hours if infusion reactions occur.
For patients 20 kg and under or those who are susceptible to fluid volume overload, physicians may consider diluting NAGLAZYME in a volume of 100 mL [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1) and ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)]. The infusion rate (mL per hour) should be decreased so that the total infusion duration remains no less than 4 hours.
Each vial of NAGLAZYME provides 5 mg of galsulfase (expressed as protein content) in 5 mL of solution and is intended for single use only. Do not use the vial more than one time. The concentrated solution for infusion must be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, using aseptic techniques. Prepare Naglazyme using low-protein-binding containers and administer the diluted NAGLAZYME solution to patients using a low-protein-binding infusion set equipped with a low-protein-binding 0.2 µm in-line filter. There is no information on the compatibility of diluted NAGLAZYME with glass containers.
2.2 Instructions for Use
Prepare and use NAGLAZYME according to the following steps. Use aseptic techniques.
Determine the number of vials to be used based on the patient's weight and the recommended dose of 1 mg per kg:
Patient's weight (kg) x 1 mL/kg of NAGLAZYME = Total number of mL of NAGLAZYME
Total number of mL of NAGLAZYME ÷ 5 mL per vial = Total number of vials
Round up to the next whole vial. Remove the required number of vials from the refrigerator to allow them to reach room temperature. Do not allow vials to remain at room temperature longer than 24 hours prior to dilution. Do not heat or microwave vials.
Before withdrawing the NAGLAZYME solution from the vial, visually inspect each vial for particulate matter and discoloration. The NAGLAZYME solution should be clear to slightly opalescent and colorless to pale yellow. Some translucency may be present in the solution. Do not use if the solution is discolored or if there is particulate matter in the solution.
From a 250 mL infusion bag of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, withdraw and discard a volume equal to the volume of NAGLAZYME solution to be added. If using a 100 mL infusion bag, this step is not necessary.
Slowly withdraw the calculated volume of NAGLAZYME from the appropriate number of vials using caution to avoid excessive agitation. Do not use a filter needle, as this may cause agitation. Agitation may denature NAGLAZYME, rendering it biologically inactive.
Slowly add the NAGLAZYME solution to the 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, using care to avoid agitation of the solutions. Do not use a filter needle.
Gently rotate the infusion bag to ensure proper distribution of NAGLAZYME. Do not shake the solution.
Administer the diluted NAGLAZYME solution to patients using a low-protein-binding infusion set equipped with a low-protein-binding 0.2 µm in-line filter.
NAGLAZYME does not contain preservatives; therefore, after dilution with saline, the infusion bags should be used immediately. If immediate use is not possible, the diluted solution must be stored refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and administered within 48 hours from the time of dilution to completion of administration. Other than during infusion, do not store the diluted NAGLAZYME solution at room temperature. Any unused product or waste material must be discarded and disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
NAGLAZYME must not be infused with other products in the infusion tubing. The compatibility of NAGLAZYME in solution with other products has not been evaluated.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Galsulfase in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Galsulfase in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
None
Warnings
naphylaxis and Allergic Reactions
Anaphylaxis and severe allergic reactions have been observed in patients during and up to 24 hours after NAGLAZYME infusion. Some of the reactions were life-threatening and included anaphylaxis, shock, respiratory distress, dyspnea, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and hypotension. If anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reactions occur, NAGLAZYME should be immediately discontinued, and appropriate medical treatment should be initiated. In patients who have experienced anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reactions during infusion with NAGLAZYME, caution should be exercised upon rechallenge; appropriately trained personnel and equipment for emergency resuscitation (including epinephrine) should be available during infusion [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
5.2 Immune-mediated Reactions
Type III immune complex-mediated reactions, including membranous glomerulonephritis have been observed with NAGLAZYME, as with other enzyme replacement therapies. If immune-mediated reactions occur, discontinuation of the administration of NAGLAZYME should be considered, and appropriate medical treatment initiated. The risks and benefits of re-administering NAGLAZYME following an immune-mediated reaction should be considered. Some patients have successfully been rechallenged and have continued to receive NAGLAZYME under close clinical supervision [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
5.3 Risk of Acute Cardiorespiratory Failure
Caution should be exercised when administering NAGLAZYME to patients susceptible to fluid volume overload; such as in patients weighing 20 kg or less, patients with acute underlying respiratory illness, or patients with compromised cardiac and/or respiratory function, because congestive heart failure may result. Appropriate medical support and monitoring measures should be readily available during NAGLAZYME infusion, and some patients may require prolonged observation times that should be based on the individual needs of the patient [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
5.4 Acute Respiratory Complications Associated with Administration
Sleep apnea is common in MPS VI patients and antihistamine pretreatment may increase the risk of apneic episodes. Evaluation of airway patency should be considered prior to initiation of treatment. Patients using supplemental oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during sleep should have these treatments readily available during infusion in the event of an infusion reaction, or extreme drowsiness/sleep induced by antihistamine use.
Consider delaying NAGLAZYME infusions in patients who present with an acute febrile or respiratory illness because of the possibility of acute respiratory compromise during infusion of NAGLAZYME.
5.5 Infusion Reactions
Because of the potential for infusion reactions, patients should receive antihistamines with or without antipyretics prior to infusion. Despite routine pretreatment with antihistamines, infusion reactions, some severe, occurred in 33 of 59 (56%) patients treated with NAGLAZYME. Serious adverse reactions during infusion included laryngeal edema, apnea, pyrexia, urticaria, respiratory distress, angioedema, and anaphylactoid reaction. Severe adverse reactions included urticaria, chest pain, rash, dyspnea, apnea, laryngeal edema, and conjunctivitis [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
The most common symptoms of drug-related infusion reactions were pyrexia, chills, rash, urticaria, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, pruritis, erythema, abdominal pain, hypertension, and headache. Respiratory distress, chest pain, hypotension, angioedema, conjunctivitis, tremor, and cough were also reported. Infusion reactions began as early as Week 1 and as late as Week 146 of NAGLAZYME treatment. Twenty-three of 33 patients (70%) experienced recurrent infusion reactions during multiple infusions though not always in consecutive weeks.
Symptoms typically abated with slowing or temporary interruption of the infusion and administration of additional antihistamines, antipyretics, and occasionally corticosteroids. Most patients were able to complete their infusions. Subsequent infusions were managed with a slower rate of NAGLAZYME administration, treatment with additional prophylactic antihistamines, and, in the event of a more severe reaction, treatment with prophylactic corticosteroids.
If severe infusion reactions occur, immediately discontinue the infusion of NAGLAZYME and initiate appropriate treatment. The risks and benefits of re-administering NAGLAZYME following a severe reaction should be considered.
No factors were identified that predisposed patients to infusion reactions. There was no association between severity of infusion reactions and titer of anti-galsulfase antibodies.
5.6 Spinal or Cervical Cord Compression
Spinal or cervical cord compression (SCC) with resultant myelopathy is a known and serious complication of MPS VI. SCC is expected to occur in the natural history of the disease, including in patients on NAGLAZYME. There have been post-marketing reports of patients treated with NAGLAZYME who experienced the onset or worsening of SCC requiring decompression surgery. Patients with MPS VI should be monitored for signs and symptoms of spinal/cervical cord compression (including back pain, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence) and given appropriate clinical care.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates observed in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
NAGLAZYME was studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 19 patients received weekly infusions of 1 mg/kg NAGLAZYME and 20 patients received placebo; of the 39 patients 66% were female, and 62% were White, non-Hispanic. Patients were aged 5 years to 29 years. NAGLAZYME-treated patients were approximately 3 years older than placebo-treated patients (mean age 13.7 years versus 10.7 years, respectively).
Serious adverse reactions experienced in this trial include apnea, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Severe adverse reactions include chest pain, dyspnea, laryngeal edema, and conjunctivitis. The most common adverse reactions requiring interventions were infusion reactions.
Table 1 summarizes the adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trial in at least 2 patients more in the NAGLAZYME‑treated group than in the placebo-treated group.
This image is provided by National Liberary of Medicine
Four open-label clinical trials were conducted in MPS VI patients aged 3 months to 29 years with NAGLAZYME administered at doses of 0.2 mg/kg (n = 2), 1 mg/kg (n = 55), and 2 mg/kg (n = 2). The mean exposure to the recommended dose of NAGLAZYME (1 mg/kg) was 138 weeks (range = 54 to 261 weeks). Two infants (12.1 months and 12.7 months) were exposed to 2 mg/kg of NAGLAZYME for 105 and 81 weeks, respectively.
In addition to those listed in Table 1, common adverse reactions observed in the open-label trials include pruritus, urticaria, pyrexia, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The most common adverse reactions requiring interventions were infusion reactions. Serious adverse reactions included laryngeal edema, urticaria, angioedema, and other allergic reactions. Severe adverse reactions included urticaria, rash, and abdominal pain.
Observed adverse events in four open-label studies (up to 261 weeks treatment) were not different in nature or severity to those observed in the placebo-controlled study. No patients discontinued during open-label treatment with NAGLAZYME due to adverse events.
6.2 Immunogenicity
Ninety-eight percent (53/54) of patients treated with NAGLAZYME and evaluable for the presence of antibodies to galsulfase developed anti-galsulfase IgG antibodies within 4 to 8 weeks of treatment (in four clinical studies). In 19 patients treated with NAGLAZYME from the placebo-controlled study, serum samples were evaluated for a potential relationship of anti-galsulfase antibody development to clinical outcome measures. All 19 patients treated with NAGLAZYME developed antibodies specific to galsulfase; however, the analysis revealed no consistent predictive relationship between total antibody titer, neutralizing or IgE antibodies, and infusion‑associated reactions, urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, or endurance measures. Antibodies were assessed for the ability to inhibit enzymatic activity but not cellular uptake.
The data reflect the percentage of patients whose test results were considered positive for antibodies to galsulfase using specific assays and are highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibodies in an assay may be influenced by several factors including sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to galsulfase with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.
Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of NAGLAZYME. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
In addition to infusion reactions reported in clinical trials, serious reactions which occurred during NAGLAZYME infusion in the worldwide marketing experience include anaphylaxis, shock, hypotension, bronchospasm, and respiratory failure.
Additional infusion reactions included pyrexia, erythema, pallor, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypoxia, cyanosis, tachypnea, and paresthesia.
During postmarketing surveillance, there has been a single case of membranous nephropathy and rare cases of thrombocytopenia reported. In the case of membranous nephropathy, renal biopsy revealed galsulfase‑immunoglobulin complexes in the glomeruli. With both membranous nephropathy and thrombocytopenia, patients have been successfully rechallenged and have continued to receive NAGLAZYME.
Drug Interactions
There is limited information regarding Galsulfase Drug Interactions in the drug label.
Adequate and well-controlled studies have not been conducted with NAGLAZYME in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 0.5 times the recommended human dose of 1 mg/kg based on the body surface area) and in rabbits at intravenous doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 0.97 times the recommended human dose of 1 mg/kg based on the body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to NAGLAZYME. NAGLAZYME should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Pregnant women with MPS VI who are treated with NAGLAZYME should be encouraged to enroll in the MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program at 800-983-4587
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Galsulfase in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Galsulfase during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether NAGLAZYME is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when NAGLAZYME is administered to a nursing mother. Nursing mothers with MPS VI who are treated with NAGLAZYME should be encouraged to enroll in the MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program at 800-983-4587
Pediatric Use
Clinical studies with NAGLAZYME were conducted in 56 patients, ages 5 to 29 years, with the majority of these patients in the pediatric age group [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)]. In addition, an open-label study was conducted in four infants (3 months to 12.7 months) treated with 1 mg/kg (n = 2) or 2 mg/kg (n = 2) of NAGLAZYME. Safety results in infants were consistent with results observed in patients 5 to 29 years old
Geriatic Use
Clinical studies of NAGLAZYME did not include patients older than 29 years of age. It is not known whether older patients respond differently from younger patients.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Galsulfase with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Galsulfase with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Galsulfase in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Galsulfase in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Galsulfase in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Galsulfase in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
Intravenous
Monitoring
Clinical studies of NAGLAZYME did not include patients older than 29 years of age. It is not known whether older patients respond differently from younger patients.
Caution should be exercised when administering NAGLAZYME to patients susceptible to fluid volume overload; such as in patients weighing 20 kg or less, patients with acute underlying respiratory illness, or patients with compromised cardiac and/or respiratory function, because congestive heart failure may result. Appropriate medical support and monitoring measures should be readily available during NAGLAZYME infusion, and some patients may require prolonged observation times that should be based on the individual needs of the patient
Patients with MPS VI should be monitored for signs and symptoms of spinal/cervical cord compression (including back pain, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence) and given appropriate clinical care.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Galsulfase in the drug label.
Overdosage
Acute Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
Description
Management
Description
Chronic Overdose
There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Galsulfase in the drug label.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Galsulfase Pharmacology in the drug label.
