Sandbox mona cor

• Avian influenza Return to Top

• 1. Preferred regimen:Oseltamivir 75 mg PO qd for a minimum 10 days

• Note:Patients with severe disease may have diarrhea and may not absorb oseltamivir efficiently

• 2. Patients with Avian Influenza who have diarrhea and malabsorption

• Preferred regimen (1): Zanamivir 10 mg inhaled bid for minimum 5 days
• Preferred regimen (2): Peramivir600 mg IV as a single dose for 1 day
• Note (1): Preliminary evidence demonstrates that Neuraminidase inhibitor can reduce the duration of viral replication and improve survival among patients with avian influenza. In cases of suspected avian influenza, one of the following 3 neuraminidase inhibitors should be administered as soon possible, preferably within 48 hours of symptom onset.
• Note (2): The use of Corticosteroids is not recommended.
• Note (3): Physicians may consider increasing either the recommended daily dose and/or the duration of treatment in cases of severe disease.
• Note (4): The use of Amantadine is not recommended as most H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses are resistant to it.
• Note (5): Supportive care is also an important cornerstone of the care of patients with avian influenza. Considering the severity of the illness and the possible complications, patients may require fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, intubation and ventilation, paracentesis, hemodialysis or hemofiltration, and parentral nutrition.

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae Return to Top

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treatment

• 1. Gonococcal infections in adolescents and adults

• 1.1 Uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose
• Alternative regimen: Cefixime 400 mg PO in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose (if ceftriaxone is not available)

• 1.2 Uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the pharynx

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose

• 1.2.1 Management of sex partners

• Expedited partner therapy: Cefixime 400 mg PO in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose
• Note (1): Recent sex partners (i.e., persons having sexual contact with the infected patient within the 60 days preceding onset of symptoms or gonorrhea diagnosis) should be referred for evaluation, testing, and presumptive dual treatment.
• Note (2): If the patient’s last potential sexual exposure was >60 days before onset of symptoms or diagnosis, the most recent sex partner should be treated.
• Note (3): To avoid reinfection, sex partners should be instructed to abstain from unprotected sexual intercourse for 7 days after they and their sexual partner(s) have completed treatment and after resolution of symptoms, if present.

• 1.2.2 Allergy, intolerance, and adverse reactions

• Preferred regimen (1): Gemifloxacin 320 mg PO in a single dose AND Azithromycin 2 g PO in a single dose
• Preferred regimen (2): Gentamicin 240 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 2 g PO in a single dose
• Note: Use of ceftriaxone or cefixime is contraindicated in persons with a history of an IgE-mediated penicillin allergy (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis).

• 1.2.3 Pregnancy

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose

• 1.2.4 Suspected cephalosporin treatment failure

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose
• Alternative regimen (1): Gemifloxacin 320 mg PO single dose AND Azithromycin 2 g PO single dose (when isolates have elevated cephalosporin MICs)
• Alternative regimen (2): Gentamicin 240 mg IM single dose AND Azithromycin 2 g PO single dose (when isolates have elevated cephalosporin MICs)
• Alternative regimen (3): Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM as a single dose AND Azithromycin 2 g PO as a single dose (failure after treatment with cefixime and azithromycin)
• Note: Treatment failure should be considered in: (1) persons whose symptoms do not resolve within 3–5 days after appropriate treatment and report no sexual contact during the post-treatment follow-up period; (2) persons with a positive test-of-cure (i.e., positive culture ≥ 72 hours or positive NAAT ≥ 7 days after receiving recommended treatment) when no sexual contact is reported during the post-treatment follow-up period; (3) persons who have a positive culture on test-of-cure (if obtained) if there is evidence of decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, regardless of whether sexual contact is reported during the post-treatment follow-up period.

• 1.3 Gonococcal conjunctivitis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose
• Note: Consider one-time lavage of the infected eye with saline solution.

• 1.3.1 Management of sex partners

• Patients should be instructed to refer their sex partners for evaluation and treatment.

• 1.4 Disseminated gonococcal infection

• 1.4.1 Arthritis and arthritis-dermatitis syndrome

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 1 g IM/IV q24h for 7 days AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose
• Alternative regimen (1): Cefotaxime 1 g IV q8h for 7 days
• Alternative regimen (2): Ceftizoxime 1 g IV q 8 h for 7 days AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose

• 1.4.2 Gonococcal meningitis and endocarditis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q 12-24 h for 10-14 days AND Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose

• 2. Gonococcal infections among neonates

• 2.1 Ophthalmia neonatorum caused by N. gonorrhoeae

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 25-50 mg/kg IV or IM in a single dose, not to exceed 125 mg

• 2.1.1 Management of mothers and their sex partners

• Mothers of infants with ophthalmia neonatorum caused by N. gonorrhoeae should be evaluated, tested, and presumptively treated for gonorrhea, along with their sex partner(s).

• 2.2 Disseminated gonococcal infection and gonococcal scalp abscesses in neonates

• Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 25-50 mg/kg/day IM/IV qd for 7 days
• Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 25 mg/kg IV /IM q12h for 7 days.
• Note (1): The duration of treatment is 10-14 days if meningitis is documented.
• Note (2): Ceftriaxone should be administered cautiously to hyperbilirubinemic infants, especially those born prematurely.

• 2.2.1 Management of mothers and their sex partners

• Mothers of infants who have DGI or scalp abscesses caused by N. gonorrhoeae should be evaluated, tested, and presumptively treated for gonorrhea, along with their sex partner(s).

• 2.3 Neonates born to mothers who have gonococcal infection

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 25-50 mg/kg IM/IV in a single dose, not to exceed 125 mg

• 2.3.1 Management of mothers and their sex partners

• Mothers who have gonorrhea and their sex partners should be evaluated, tested, and presumptively treated for gonorrhea.

• 3. Gonococcal infections among infants and children

• 3.1 Infants and children who weigh ≤ 45 kg and who have uncomplicated gonococcal vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pharyngitis, or proctitis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 25-50 mg/kg IM/IV in a single dose, not to exceed 125 mg

• 3.2 Children who weigh > 45 kg and who have uncomplicated gonococcal vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pharyngitis, or proctitis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose AND Azithromycin 1g PO in a single dose
• Alternative regimen: Cefixime 400 mg PO single dose AND Azithromycin 1 g PO single dose.(If ceftriaxone is not available)

• 3.3 Children who weigh ≤ 45 kg and who have bacteremia or arthritis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg (maximum dose: 1 g) IM/IV q24h for 7 days

• 3.4 Children who weigh > 45 kg and who have bacteremia or arthritis

• Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 1 g IM/IV q24h for 7 days

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• Neisseria meningitidis Return to Top

• Meningococcal Meningitis or Bacteremia

• Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 7-10 days.
• Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2 g IV q4-6h for 7-10 days.
• Alternatives regimen (1): Chloramphenicol 4-6 g/day for 7-10 days
• Alternatives regimen (2): Penicillin 18-24 MU/day IV
• Alternatives regimen (3): Ampicillin 12 g/day IV
• Alternatives regimen (4): Aztreonam 6-8 g/day IV
• Alternatives regimen (5): Moxifloxacin 400 mg/day IV.
• Steroids: Dexamethasone 10 mg IV q6h for 2-4 days starting before or with first dose.

• Coxiella burnetii Return to Top

• Q fever

• 1. Acute Q fever

• 1.1 Adults

• Preferred Regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 14 days

• 1.2 Children

• 1.2.1 Children with age ≥8 years

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (maximum 100 mg per dose)

• 1.2.2 Children with age <8 years with high risk criteria

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (maximum: 100 mg per dose)

• 1.2.3 Children with age <8 years with mild or uncomplicated illness

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg PO bid for 5 days (maximum 100 mg per dose).

• 1.2.3 Children with age < 8 years with mild or uncomplicated illness,who remains febrile past 5 days of treatment

• Preferred regimen: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 4-20 mg/kg PO bid for 14 days (maximum: 800 mg per dose)

• 1.3 Pregnant women

• Preferred regimen: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 160 mg/800 mg PO bid a day throughout pregnancy

• 2. Chronic Q fever

• 2.1 Endocarditis or vascular infection

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid for ≥18 months
• Note: childern and pregnant women- consultation Recommended

• 2.2 Noncardiac organ disease

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid
• Note: childern and pregnant women- consultation Recommended

• 2.3 Postpartumwith serologic profile for chronic Q fever

• Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid AND Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg PO tid for 12 months
• Note (1): Women should only be treated postpartum if serologic titers remain elevated >12 months after delivery (immunoglobulin G phase I titer ≥1:1024). Women treated during pregnancy for acute Q fever should be monitored similarly to other patients who are at high risk for progression to chronic disease (e.g., serologic monitoring at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after delivery)
• Note (2): Post-Q fever fatigue syndrome- no current recommendation

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• 1. T. vaginalis infection in adults

• Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
• Preferred regimen (2): Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
• Alternative regimen: Metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days

• 2. T. vaginalis infection in pregnant and lactating Women

• 2.1 Pregnant women

• Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose.

• 2.2 Post-partum and Breastfeeding

• Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose.
• Preferred regimen (2): Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
• Note (1): Do not breastfeed for 12-24 hrs following Metronidazole and 72 hrs following Tinidazole
• Note (2): Symptomatic pregnant women, regardless of pregnancy stage, should be tested and considered for treatment. Pregnant women should be advised of the risk and benefits to treatment as infection (definitely) and treatment (possibly)
• Note (3): Pregnant women with HIV who are treated for T. vaginalis infection should be retested 3 months after treatment.

• 3. T. vaginalis infection in patients with HIV

• Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days

• 4. Persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis

• 4.1 Treatment failure

• Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 500 mg PO bid for 7 days

• 4.2 Treatment failure again

• Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 2 g PO for 7 days
• Preferred regimen (2): Tinidazole 2 g PO for 7 days

• 4.3 Nitroimidazole-resistant cases

• Preferred regimen: Tinidazole 2-3 g PO for 14 days

• African trypanosomiasis Return to Top

• Sleeping sickness

• 1. East african trypanosomiasis

• 1.1 T. b. rhodesiense, hemolymphatic stage

• 1.1.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: Suramin 1 gm IV on days 1,3,5,14, and 21

• 1.1.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: Suramin 20 mg/kg IV on days 1, 3, 5, 14, and 21

• 1.2 T. b. rhodesiense, CNS involvement

• 1.2.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: Melarsoprol 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days.After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days.

• 1.2.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: Melarsoprol 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days.After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days

• 2. West african trypanosomiasis

• 2.1 T. b. gambiense, hemolymphatic stage

• 2.1.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day IM/ IV for 7-10 days

• 2.1.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day IM/IV for 7-10 days
• Note (1): Pentamidine should be used during pregnancy and lacation only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk
• Note (2): IM/IV Pentamidine have a similar safety profile in children age 4 months and older as in adults. Pentamidine is listed as a medicine for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis infection (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children, intended for the use of children up to 12 years of age.

• 2.2 T. b. gambiense, CNS involvement

• 2.2.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: Eflornithine 400 mg/kg/day in 4 doses for 14 days

• 2.2.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: Eflornithine 400 mg/kg/day in 4 doses for 14 days
• Note (1): Eflornithine should be used during pregnancy and lactation, only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk
• Note (2): The safety of Eflornithine in children has not been established. Eflornithine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pediatric patients. Eflornithine is listed for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis inTrypanosoma brucei gambiense infection on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children, intended for the use of children up to 12 years of age.

• American trypanosomiasis Return to Top

• Chagas disease

• 1. Preferred regimen(1):

• Patients of age < 12 years- Benznidazole 5-7.5 mg/kg/ day PO bid for 60 days
• Patients of age 12 years or older- Benznidazole 5-7 mg/kg/day PO bid for 60 days

• 2. Preferred regimen(2):

• Patients of age ≤ 10 years- Nifurtimox 15-20 mg/kg/day PO tid/ qid for 90 days
• Patients of age 11-16 years- Nifurtimox 12.5-15 mg/kg/day PO tid/ qid for 90 days
• Patients of age 17 years or older- Nifurtimox 8-10 mg/kg/day PO tid/ qid for 90 days

• Note: In the United States, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole are not FDA approved and are available only from CDC under investigational protocols.

• Chlamydophila psittaci Return to Top

• 1. Pneumonia

• 1.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid daily for 10-21 days
• Preferred regimen (2): Tetracycline 500 mg PO qid for 10-21 days
• Alternative regimen: Minocycline

• 1.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: Azithromycin Mild infection, Infants >3 months

Azithromycin  10 mg/kg PO x1 on day 1, then 5 mg/kg PO q24h x4 days; Max: 500 mg for 1st dose, 250 mg for subsequent doses

[*moderate-severe infection, >3 mo]

Azithromycin  10 mg/kg IV q24h x2 days, then 5 mg/kg PO q24h x3 days; Max: 500 mg/dose IV; 250 mg/dose PO

• 1.3 Pregnant Patients

• Preferred regimen: Azithromycin 500 mg PO on day 1 followed by 250 mg qd on days 2-5 or

500 mg IV as a single dose for at least 2 days, followed by 500 mg PO qd for 7- 10 days