Legionellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The majority of cases of | The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis with a case fatality rate of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%. The median case-patient age is 61 years, and the male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*In USA, the incidence of | *In USA, the incidence of legionellosis ranges between 1-3 cases per 100,000 individuals. | ||
*Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for | *Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis. | ||
*The incidence of | *The incidence of legionellosis is believed to be increasing over the last 10-15 years. | ||
===Case Fatality Rate=== | ===Case Fatality Rate=== | ||
*The case fatality rate of | *The case fatality rate of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%. | ||
*Hospital-acquired | *Hospital-acquired legionellosis is associated with a higher case fatality rate compared with community-acquired legionellosis. | ||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*The median case-patient age is 61 years. | *The median case-patient age is 61 years. | ||
*Patients of all ages may acquire | *Patients of all ages may acquire legionellosis, but elderly patients older than 65 years of age are at higher risk. | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*Males are slightly more likely to develop | *Males are slightly more likely to develop legionellosis. | ||
The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1. | The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1. | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
There is no racial predilection to the development of | There is no racial predilection to the development of legionellosis. | ||
===Seasonal Variation=== | ===Seasonal Variation=== | ||
*The majority of cases of | *The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). | ||
===Infection in the U.S.=== | ===Infection in the U.S.=== | ||
*Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with | *Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with legionellosis in the U.S. each year, the disease is thought to be significantly under-reported with estimated of 2%-10% of cases being reported. | ||
*'''In USA, | *'''In USA, legionellosis is a reportable condition in most states''' | ||
===Worldwide Infection=== | ===Worldwide Infection=== | ||
Below is a list of | Below is a list of legionellosis outbreaks: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|Water supply ||align=right|167||align=right|5||July - August 2007||Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russia <ref>[http://gzt.ru/incident/2007/07/30/105145.html The cause of the pneumonia outbreak in Sverdlovskaya oblast is Legionella bacterium (in Russian)]</ref> | |Water supply ||align=right|167||align=right|5||July - August 2007||Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russia <ref>[http://gzt.ru/incident/2007/07/30/105145.html The cause of the pneumonia outbreak in Sverdlovskaya oblast is Legionella bacterium (in Russian)]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Cooling tower ||align=right|7||align=right|0||31st Dec 2006 - 1st Jan 2007||Australia, Sydney <ref>[http://www.hcinfo.com/outbreaks-news.htm#0701Sydney HC INFO- Recent Outbreaks of | |Cooling tower ||align=right|7||align=right|0||31st Dec 2006 - 1st Jan 2007||Australia, Sydney <ref>[http://www.hcinfo.com/outbreaks-news.htm#0701Sydney HC INFO- Recent Outbreaks of legionellosis, Sydney,6 Cases, Jan. 2007]</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spa Pool ||align=right|115||align=right|0||August 2006||Sunderland, UK | |Spa Pool ||align=right|115||align=right|0||August 2006||Sunderland, UK | ||
Revision as of 02:28, 6 August 2015
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Legionellosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Legionellosis epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Legionellosis epidemiology and demographics |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Legionellosis epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis with a case fatality rate of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%. The median case-patient age is 61 years, and the male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- In USA, the incidence of legionellosis ranges between 1-3 cases per 100,000 individuals.
- Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis.
- The incidence of legionellosis is believed to be increasing over the last 10-15 years.
Case Fatality Rate
- The case fatality rate of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%.
- Hospital-acquired legionellosis is associated with a higher case fatality rate compared with community-acquired legionellosis.
Age
- The median case-patient age is 61 years.
- Patients of all ages may acquire legionellosis, but elderly patients older than 65 years of age are at higher risk.
Gender
- Males are slightly more likely to develop legionellosis.
The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.
Race
There is no racial predilection to the development of legionellosis.
Seasonal Variation
- The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October).
Infection in the U.S.
- Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with legionellosis in the U.S. each year, the disease is thought to be significantly under-reported with estimated of 2%-10% of cases being reported.
- In USA, legionellosis is a reportable condition in most states
Worldwide Infection
Below is a list of legionellosis outbreaks:
| Suspected Source | Cases | Deaths | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cooling Tower | 18 | 2 | July - August 2007 | Benalmadena, Spain |
| Institute of Animal Health | 1+ | 0 | 2007 | Pirbright, Surrey, UK |
| Water supply | 167 | 5 | July - August 2007 | Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russia [1] |
| Cooling tower | 7 | 0 | 31st Dec 2006 - 1st Jan 2007 | Australia, Sydney [2] |
| Spa Pool | 115 | 0 | August 2006 | Sunderland, UK |
| Cooling tower | 26 | 2 | July - Sept 2006 | Paris, France |
| Cooling tower | 30 | 2 | July 2006 | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Cooling towers | 149 | 0 | June 2006 | Pamplona, Spain |
| Cooling tower | 10 | 1 | February 2006 | Sydney, Australia |
| Cooling tower | 20 | 0 | December 2005 | Torrevieja, Spain |
| Cooling tower | 127 | 21 | October 2005 | Toronto, Canada |
| Cooling tower | 21 | 0 | June 2005 | New Rochelle, NY, USA |
| Indoor ornamental fountain | 17 | 1 | Summer 2005 | Rapid City, SD, USA |
| Air scrubber | 52 | 10 | May 2005 | Fredrikstad, Norway |
| Cooling tower | 86 | 21 | 2004 | Pas-de-Calais, France |
| Cooling tower | 172 | 7 | 2002 | Barrow-in-Furness, UK |
| Cooling tower | 28 | 7 | 2001 | Stavanger, Norway |
| Cooling tower | 449 | 6 | July 2001 | Murcia, Spain |
| Whirlpool and humidifier | 200 | 32 | 1999 | Bovenkarspel, Netherlands |
| Hospital | 101 | 28 | 1985 | Stafford, UK |
| Cooling Tower (widely accepted) | 221 | 34 | 1976 | Philadelphia, PA, USA |
CDC Legionellosis [2]