Trichomoniasis medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
==Antimicrobial Regimen==
;Shown below is a table summarizing the preferred and alternative treatment for trichomoniasis.<ref name="urlCDC - Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge - 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/vaginal-discharge.htm#a2 |title=CDC - Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge - 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-12-21}}</ref>
:* 1. '''T. vaginalis infection in adults''' <ref>{{cite web | title =trichomoniasis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/trichomoniasis.htm }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="background:FloralWhite"
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
|- align="center"
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
|'''Pathogen'''
::* Alternative regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
|'''Optimal Treatment'''
:* 2. '''T. vaginalis infection in pregnant and lactating Women'''
|'''Duration of Treatment'''
::* 2.1 '''Pregnant women'''
|'''Alternative Treatment'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose.
|'''Duration of Alternative Treatment'''
::* 2.2 '''Post-partum and Breastfeeding'''
|- align="center"
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose.
|''Trichomonas vaginalis''
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose
|'''Metronidazole''' 2 gm PO
:::* Note (1): Do not breastfeed for 12-24 hrs following [[Metronidazole]] and 72 hrs following  [[Tinidazole]]
'''Tinidazole''' 2 gm PO
:::* Note (2): Symptomatic pregnant women, regardless of pregnancy stage, should be tested and considered for treatment. Pregnant women should be advised of the risk and benefits to treatment as infection (definitely) and treatment (possibly)
|Single Dose
:::* Note (3): Pregnant women with HIV who are treated for T. vaginalis infection should be retested 3 months after treatment.
Single Dose
:* 3. '''T. vaginalis infection in patients with HIV'''
|Metronidazole 500 mg PO
::* Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
|7 Days
:* 4. '''Persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis'''
|}
::* 4.1 '''Treatment failure'''
 
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Metronidazole]] 500  mg PO bid for 7 days
Patients should be advised to avoid consuming [[alcohol]] during treatment with metronidazole or tinidazole. Abstinence from alcohol use should continue for 24 hours after completion of metronidazole or 72 hours after completion of tinidazole.
::* 4.2 '''Treatment failure again'''
 
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO for 7 days
The [[nitroimidazole]]s comprise the only class of drugs useful for the oral or [[parenteral]] therapy of trichomoniasis. Of these drugs, metronidazole and tinidazole are available in the United States and are cleared by the [[FDA]] for the treatment of trichomoniasis. In [[randomized clinical trials]], the recommended metronidazole regimens have resulted in cure rates of approximately 90%–95%, and the recommended tinidazole regimen has resulted in cure rates of approximately 86%–100%. The appropriate treatment of sex partners might increase these reported rates. [[Randomized controlled trials]] comparing single 2 g doses of metronidazole and tinidazole suggest that tinidazole is equivalent to, or superior to, metronidazole in achieving parasitologic cure and resolution of symptoms. Treatment of patients and sex partners results in relief of symptoms, microbiologic cure, and reduction of [[transmission]].
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO for 7 days
 
::* 4.3 '''Nitroimidazole-resistant cases'''
Metronidazole gel is considerably less efficacious for the treatment of trichomoniasis (<50%) than oral preparations of metronidazole. Topically applied [[antimicrobials]] (e.g., metronidazole gel) are unlikely to achieve therapeutic levels in the [[urethra]] or perivaginal glands; therefore, use of the gel is not recommended. Several other topically applied antimicrobials occasionally have been used for treatment of trichomoniasis; however, these preparations probably do not have greater efficacy than metronidazole gel.
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Tinidazole]] 2-3 g PO for 14 days
 
===Follow-Up===
Follow-up is unnecessary for men and women who become asymptomatic after treatment or who are initially asymptomatic. Some strains of T. vaginalis can have diminished susceptibility to metronidazole; however, infections caused by the majority of these organisms respond to tinidazole or higher doses of metronidazole. Low-level metronidazole resistance has been identified in 2%–5% of cases of vaginal trichomoniasis. High-level resistance is rare. Tinidazole has a longer serum half-life and reaches higher levels in genitourinary tissues than metronidazole. In addition, many T. vaginalis isolates have lower [[minimum inhibitory concentration]]s (MICs) to tinidazole than metronidazole.
 
If treatment failure occurs with metronidazole 2 g single dose and reinfection is excluded, the patient can be treated with metronidazole 500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days or tinidazole 2 g single dose. For patients failing either of these regimens, clinicians should consider treatment with tinidazole or metronidazole at 2 g orally for 5 days. If these therapies are not effective, further management should be discussed with a specialist. The consultation should ideally include determination of the susceptibility of T. vaginalis to metronidazole and tinidazole. Consultation and T. vaginalis susceptibility testing is available from CDC.
 
===Special Considerations ===
====Allergy, Intolerance, and Adverse Reactions====
 
Metronidazole and tinidazole are both [[nitroimidazole]]s. Patients with an immediate-type [[allergy]] to a nitroimidazole can be managed by metronidazole [[desensitization]] in consultation with a specialist. Topical therapy with drugs other than nitroimidazoles can be attempted, but cure rates are low (<50%).
 
====Pregnancy====
Vaginal trichomoniasis has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly [[premature rupture of membranes]], [[preterm]] delivery, and [[low birth weight]]. However, data do not suggest that metronidazole treatment results in a reduction in [[perinatal]] morbidity. Although some trials suggest the possibility of increased [[prematurity]] or low birth weight after metronidazole treatment, limitations of the studies prevent definitive conclusions regarding risks of treatment . Treatment of T. vaginalis might relieve symptoms of [[vaginal discharge]] in pregnant women and might prevent respiratory or [[genital]] infection of the newborn and further sexual [[transmission]]. Clinicians should counsel patients regarding the potential risks and benefits of treatment. Some specialists would defer therapy in asymptomatic pregnant women until after 37 weeks’ [[gestation]]. In addition, these pregnant women should be provided careful counseling regarding condom use and the continued risk of sexual transmission.
 
Women may be treated with 2 g of metronidazole in a single dose. Metronidazole is pregnancy category B (animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus, but no adequate, well-controlled studies among pregnant women have been conducted). Multiple studies and meta-analyses have not demonstrated a consistent association between metronidazole use during pregnancy and [[teratogenic]] or [[mutagenic]] effects in infants. Tinidazole is pregnancy category C (animal studies have demonstrated an adverse event, and no adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted), and its safety in pregnant women has not been well-evaluated.
 
In lactating women who are administered metronidazole, withholding [[breastfeeding]] during treatment and for 12–24 hours after the last dose will reduce the exposure of metronidazole to the infant. While using tinidazole, interruption of breastfeeding is recommended during treatment and for 3 days after the last dose.
 
====HIV Infection====
Patients who have trichomoniasis and also are infected with HIV should receive the same treatment regimen as those who are HIV negative. The [[incidence]], persistence, and recurrence of trichomoniasis in HIV-infected women are not correlated with immune status.<ref name="urlSTD Facts - Trichomoniasis">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/STDFact-Trichomoniasis.htm |title=STD Facts - Trichomoniasis |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-12-27}}</ref><ref name="urlVaginal Discharge-STD Treatment Guidelines 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2006/vaginal-discharge.htm#vagdis3 |title=Vaginal Discharge-STD Treatment Guidelines 2006 |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-12-27}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Revision as of 15:39, 8 August 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Trichomoniasis can usually be cured with the prescription drug, metronidazole, given by mouth in a single dose. The symptoms of trichomoniasis in infected men may disappear within a few weeks without treatment. However, an infected man, even a man who has never had symptoms or whose symptoms have stopped, can continue to infect or re-infect a female partner until he has been treated. Therefore, both partners should be treated at the same time to eliminate the parasite. Persons being treated for trichomoniasis should avoid sex until they and their sex partners complete treatment and have no symptoms. Metronidazole can be used by pregnant women. Having trichomoniasis once does not protect a person from getting it again. Following successful treatment, people can still be susceptible to re-infection.

Medical Therapy

Antimicrobial Regimen

  • 1. T. vaginalis infection in adults [1]
  • 2. T. vaginalis infection in pregnant and lactating Women
  • 2.1 Pregnant women
  • 2.2 Post-partum and Breastfeeding
  • Preferred regimen (1): Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose.
  • Preferred regimen (2): Tinidazole 2 g PO in a single dose
  • Note (1): Do not breastfeed for 12-24 hrs following Metronidazole and 72 hrs following Tinidazole
  • Note (2): Symptomatic pregnant women, regardless of pregnancy stage, should be tested and considered for treatment. Pregnant women should be advised of the risk and benefits to treatment as infection (definitely) and treatment (possibly)
  • Note (3): Pregnant women with HIV who are treated for T. vaginalis infection should be retested 3 months after treatment.
  • 3. T. vaginalis infection in patients with HIV
  • 4. Persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis
  • 4.1 Treatment failure
  • 4.2 Treatment failure again
  • 4.3 Nitroimidazole-resistant cases
  • Preferred regimen: Tinidazole 2-3 g PO for 14 days
  1. ↑ "trichomoniasis".
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