Head Lice Infestation historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{Rquote|right|Reliable data describing the usual incidence of infestation in the general public, in the average school community, or during specific times of the year are lacking.|Janis Hootman, 2002<ref name="Hootman2002">{{cite journal | ||
| author = Hootman J | |||
| title = Quality improvement projects related to pediculosis management | |||
| journal = The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses | |||
| volume = 18 | |||
| issue = 2 | |||
| pages = 80–6 | |||
|date=April 2002 | |||
| pmid = 12017250 | |||
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12017250 | |||
| doi = 10.1177/10598405020180020401 }} | |||
</ref>}} | |||
The number of cases of human louse infestations (or [[pediculosis]]) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually.<ref name="Gratz">{{cite journal | author =Norman G. Gratz | title = Human lice: Their prevalence, control and resistance to insecticides. A review 1985–1997 | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1997/WHO_CTD_WHOPES_97.8.pdf | format = PDF | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva, Switzerland | year = 1998 | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref> | |||
Despite improvements in medical treatment and prevention of human diseases during the 20th century, head louse infestation remains stubbornly prevalent. In 1997, 80% of American elementary schools reported at least one outbreak of lice.<ref name="ConsumerReports1998">{{cite news | title = A modern scourge: Parents scratch their heads over lice | url = http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=7&hid=102&sid=f97918a5-99c7-45da-a365-4324367c3566%40sessionmgr108 | publisher = Consumer Reports | pages = 62–63 | date = February 1998 | accessdate = 2008-10-10}}</ref> Lice infestation during that same period was more prevalent than [[chicken pox]].<ref name="ConsumerReports1998"/> | |||
About 6–12 million children between the ages of 3 and 11 are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone.<ref name=cdc/> High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world including Israel, Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France and Australia.<ref name="JDD">{{cite journal| last =Mumcuoglu | first =Kosta Y. |author2=Barker CS |author3=Burgess IF |author4=Combescot-Lang C |author5=Dagleish RC |author6=Larsen KS |author7=Miller J |author8=Roberts RJ |author9=Taylan-Ozkan A. |displayauthors=9 | title =International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations | journal =Journal of Drugs in Dermatology | volume =6 | pages =409–14 | year =2007 |pmid=17668538| issue =4 }}</ref><ref name="Burgess2004">{{cite journal | author =Ian Burgess | title = Human Lice and their Control | journal = Annual Review of Entomology | volume = 49 | pages = 457–481 | publisher = Annual Reviews | year = 2004 | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123253 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123253 | pmid = 14651472}}</ref> | |||
The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school) and socioeconomic status were found to be significant factors in head louse infestation{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. Girls are 2–4 times more frequently infested than boys{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group.<ref name="Mumcuoglu1990">{{cite journal | author = Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Gofin R, et al. | title = Epidemiological studies on head lice infestation in Israel. I. Parasitological examination of children | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 502–6 |date=September 1990 | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04845.x | doi =10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04845.x | pmid = 2228380}}</ref> In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation.<ref name=cdc/> | |||
The United Kingdom's [[National Health Service]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} and many American health agencies [http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/cd/cdped.shtml][http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=186&PrintPage=1][http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/lice/page.html] report that lice "prefer" clean hair because it's easier to attach eggs and to cling to the strands; however, this is often contested. | |||
Head lice (''Pediculus humanus capitis'') infestation is most frequent on children aged 3–10 and their families.<ref name="actadermatoven">{{cite journal | author = Nutanson I. et al. | title = Pediculus humanus capitis: an update | journal = Acta Dermatoven | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 147–59 | year = 2008 | url = http://ibmi.mf.uni-lj.si/acta-apa/acta-apa-08-4/1.pdf}}</ref> Females get head lice twice as often as males,<ref name="actadermatoven"/> and infestation in persons of [[wikt:Afro-Caribbean|Afro-Caribbean]] or other [[black people|black]] descent is rare because of hair consistency.<ref name="actadermatoven"/> But these children may have nits that hatch and the live lice could be transferred by head contact to other children.<ref name="merck_lice">{{cite web | title = Lice (Pediculosis) | last =James GH Dinulos |date=September 2008 | work = The Merck Manual | publisher = Merck & Co., Inc. | url = http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec10/ch121/ch121e.html | accessdate = 2008-12-27}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Template:Rquote The number of cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually.[1]
Despite improvements in medical treatment and prevention of human diseases during the 20th century, head louse infestation remains stubbornly prevalent. In 1997, 80% of American elementary schools reported at least one outbreak of lice.[2] Lice infestation during that same period was more prevalent than chicken pox.[2]
About 6–12 million children between the ages of 3 and 11 are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone.[3] High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world including Israel, Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France and Australia.[4][5]
The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school) and socioeconomic status were found to be significant factors in head louse infestation[citation needed]. Girls are 2–4 times more frequently infested than boys[citation needed]. Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group.[6] In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation.[3]
The United Kingdom's National Health Service[citation needed] and many American health agencies [1][2][3] report that lice "prefer" clean hair because it's easier to attach eggs and to cling to the strands; however, this is often contested.
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is most frequent on children aged 3–10 and their families.[7] Females get head lice twice as often as males,[7] and infestation in persons of Afro-Caribbean or other black descent is rare because of hair consistency.[7] But these children may have nits that hatch and the live lice could be transferred by head contact to other children.[8]
References
- ↑ Norman G. Gratz (1998). "Human lice: Their prevalence, control and resistance to insecticides. A review 1985–1997" (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "A modern scourge: Parents scratch their heads over lice". Consumer Reports. February 1998. pp. 62–63. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1
- ↑ Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Barker CS; Burgess IF; Combescot-Lang C; Dagleish RC; Larsen KS; Miller J; Roberts RJ; Taylan-Ozkan A. (2007). "International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 6 (4): 409–14. PMID 17668538.
- ↑ Ian Burgess (2004). "Human Lice and their Control". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 49: 457–481. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123253. PMID 14651472.
- ↑ Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Gofin R; et al. (September 1990). "Epidemiological studies on head lice infestation in Israel. I. Parasitological examination of children". International Journal of Dermatology. 29 (7): 502–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04845.x. PMID 2228380.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Nutanson I.; et al. (2008). "Pediculus humanus capitis: an update" (PDF). Acta Dermatoven. 17 (4): 147–59.
- ↑ James GH Dinulos (September 2008). "Lice (Pediculosis)". The Merck Manual. Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 2008-12-27.