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| ==Overview==
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| ===Genetics===
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| As a result of efforts to create an [[attenuated virus]] [[vaccine]], there currently exist two general classes of CMV.
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| * ''Clinical [[isolates]]'' comprise those viruses obtained from patients and represent the [[wild type]] viral [[genome]].
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| * ''Laboratory [[strain]]s'' have been [[culture]]d extensively in the lab setting and typically contain numerous accumulated [[mutation]]s. Most notably, the laboratory strain AD169 appears to lack a 15kb region of the 200kb genome that is present in clinical isolates. This region contains 19 [[open reading frame]]s whose functions have yet to be elucidated. AD169 is also unique in that it is unable to enter [[viral latency|latency]] and nearly always assumes [[lytic]] growth upon infection.
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| ====Species====
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| [[Image:CMVschema.svg|thumb|200px|left|Schema of CMV]]
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| <br clear ="left"/>
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| {| class = "prettytable" style = "float:left; margin-left:15px"
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| ! Name !! Abv. !! Host
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| | ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5'' || (CeHV-5) || African green monkey
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| | ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8'' || (CeHV-8) || Rhesus monkey
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| | ''[[Human herpesvirus 5]]'' || (HHV-5) || Humans
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| | ''Pongine herpesvirus 4'' || (PoHV-4) || ?
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| | ''Aotine herpesvirus 1'' || (AoHV-1) || (Tentative species)
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| | ''Aotine herpesvirus 3'' || (AoHV-3) || (Tentative species)
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| |}
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| <br clear ="left"/>
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| ===Associated Conditions===
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| Specific disease entities recognised in [[immunocompromised]] people with CMV infection are [[cytomegalovirus retinitis]] (inflammation of the [[retina]], characterised by a "pizza pie appearance" on [[ophthalmoscopy]]) and cytomegalovirus [[colitis]] (inflammation of the [[colon (anatomy)|large bowel]]).
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| ===Microscopic Pathology===
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| Microscopically, CMV can be demonstrated by [[intranuclear]] [[inclusion]] bodies, which show that the [[virus]] replicates in the nucleus rather than the cytosol. These inclusion bodies stain dark pink on an [[H&E stain]], and are also called "Owl's Eye" inclusion bodies.
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| [[Lytic cycle|Lytically replicating]] virus disrupts the [[cytoskeleton]], causing massive cell enlargement, which is the source of the virus' name.
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| ===Transmission===
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| Transmission of CMV occurs from person to person. [[Seroprevalence]] is age-dependent: 58.9% of individuals aged 6 and over are infected with CMV while 90.8% of individuals aged 80 and over are positive for CMV.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Staras SAS, Dollard SC, Radford KW, ''et al.'' | title=Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988–1994 | year=2006 | journal=Clin Infect Dis | volume=43 | pages=1143–51 | pmid = 17029132}}</ref> Infection requires close, intimate contact with a person excreting the virus in their [[saliva]], [[urine]], [[blood]], [[tears]], and [[semen]]. The shedding of virus may take place intermittently, without any detectable signs, and without causing symptoms. CMV can be [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted]] and can also be transmitted via [[Breastfeeding|breast milk]], transplanted organs, and rarely from [[blood transfusion]]s.
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| CMV is part of the association known as [[TORCH infections]] that lead to [[congenital abnormality|congenital abnormalities]]. These include [[Toxoplasmosis]], [[Rubella]], [[Herpes simplex]], as well as CMV, among others. The virus can also be transmitted to the infant at [[delivery]] from contact with [[genital]] [[secretion]]s or later in infancy through breast milk. However, these infections usually result in little or no clinical illness in the infant.
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| Although CMV is not highly contagious, it has been shown to spread in households and among young children in day care centers.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 556; 566–9 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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| [[Category:Viral diseases]]
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| [[Category:Herpesviruses]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Mature chapter]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Needs overview]]
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