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| ==Ultrasound== | | ==Ultrasound== |
| This is an painless test which uses sound waves to create a picture of the eye balls. Because tumors generate different echoes of sound waves than normal tissue, the doctor can locate a mass inside the body. Ultrasound is one of the most commonly used imaging tests to confirm retinoblastoma in present.
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| Performed in children under general anesthesia, ultrasound demonstrates an irregular mass, more [[echogenic]] than the [[vitreous]] body, with fine [[calcifications]] (highly reflective foci mostly with characteristic acoustic shadowing)<ref name="pmid10915702">{{cite journal |author=Kaste SC, Jenkins JJ, Pratt CB, Langston JW, Haik BG |title=Retinoblastoma: sonographic findings with pathologic correlation in pediatric patients |journal=[[AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology]] |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=495–501 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10915702 |doi= |url=http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10915702 |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>. The vitreous may have echogenic debris from hemorrhage, increased globulin content, or tumor seeding.<ref> Caprioli J. The ciliary epithelia and aqueous humor. In: Hart WM Jr, ed.Adler's physiology of the eye, 9th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992;228-247</ref> Retinal detachment may also be observed. Tumor height and diameter are usually measured at ultrasound, as these measurements are used for choice of treatment. [[Color Doppler]] can be useful for differentiating a vascularized tumor mass from echogenic effusions and for differentiation against developmental abnormalities such as [[persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous]] (PHPV; also known as persistent fetal vasculature, PFV), with the characteristic persisting [[hyaloid artery]]. <ref name="pmid21850471">{{cite journal |author=de Graaf P, Göricke S, Rodjan F, Galluzzi P, Maeder P, Castelijns JA, Brisse HJ |title=Guidelines for imaging retinoblastoma: imaging principles and MRI standardization |journal=[[Pediatric Radiology]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=2–14 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=21850471 |pmc=3256324 |doi=10.1007/s00247-011-2201-5 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-011-2201-5 |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
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| However, it can give only limited evaluation when there is medial, or lateral or extraocular extension of the tumor. It is not the modality of choice for the direct evaluation of metastatic risk factors for example tumor calcifications can obscure the visualization of optic nerve.<ref name="pmid10915702">{{cite journal |author=Kaste SC, Jenkins JJ, Pratt CB, Langston JW, Haik BG |title=Retinoblastoma: sonographic findings with pathologic correlation in pediatric patients |journal=[[AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology]] |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=495–501 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10915702 |doi= |url=http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10915702 |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref> But according to a single case report, measurement of optic nerve diameter with a 3D-Ultrasound technique can be used to indirectly detect optic nerve invasion.<ref name="pmid12234894">{{cite journal |author=Finger PT, Khoobehi A, Ponce-Contreras MR, Rocca DD, Garcia JP |title=Three dimensional ultrasound of retinoblastoma: initial experience |journal=[[The British Journal of Ophthalmology]] |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=1136–8 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12234894 |pmc=1771307 |doi= |url=http://bjo.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12234894 |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The ultrasound findings of retinoblastoma include an irregular mass, more echogenic than the vitreous body, with fine calcifications (highly reflective foci mostly with characteristic acoustic shadowing).The vitreous body may have echogenic debris from hemorrhage, increased globulin content, or tumor seeding.
Ultrasound
References
See also
Template:Nervous tissue tumors
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