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In 2006, a previously unknown retrovirus, [[Xenotropic MuLV-related virus]] or XMRV, was associated with human prostate tumors,<ref name="pmid16609730">{{cite journal | author = Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Klein EA, Malathi K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Tubbs RR, Ganem D, Silverman RH, DeRisi JL | title = Identification of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Prostate Tumors of Patients Homozygous for R462Q RNASEL Variant | journal = PLoS Pathog. | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = e25 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16609730 | pmc = 1434790 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025 }} {{open access}}</ref> but subsequent reports on the virus were contradictory,<ref name="pmid19805305">{{cite journal | author = Schlaberg R, Choe DJ, Brown KR, Thaker HM, Singh IR | title = XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16351–6 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19805305 | pmc = 2739868 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0906922106 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19835577">{{cite journal | author = Hohn O, Krause H, Barbarotto P, Niederstadt L, Beimforde N, Denner J, Miller K, Kurth R, Bannert N | title = Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients | journal = Retrovirology | volume = 6 | issue =  | pages = 92 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19835577 | pmc = 2770519 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4690-6-92 }}</ref> and the original 2006 finding was instead due to a previously undetected contamination.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, Derisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY | title = In-Depth Investigation of Archival and Prospectively Collected Samples Reveals No Evidence for XMRV Infection in Prostate Cancer | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 9 | pages = e44954 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23028701 | pmc = 3445615 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044954 | editor1-last = Tachedjian | editor1-first = Gilda }} {{open access}}</ref> The journals ''Science'' and ''PlosONE'' both retracted XMRV related articles.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Alberts B | title = Retraction | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6063 | pages = 1636 | date = Dec 23, 2011 | pmid = 22194552 | doi = 10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Retraction. Identification of a novel gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01–2e9b–4e9b–aef0–87ab0e4e4732 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23028303 | pmc = 3445601 | doi = 10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01-2e9b-4e9b-aef0-87ab0e4e4732 | editor1-last = Ross | editor1-first = Susan }} {{open access}}</ref>
In 2006, a previously unknown retrovirus, [[Xenotropic MuLV-related virus]] or XMRV, was associated with human prostate tumors,<ref name="pmid16609730">{{cite journal | author = Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Klein EA, Malathi K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Tubbs RR, Ganem D, Silverman RH, DeRisi JL | title = Identification of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Prostate Tumors of Patients Homozygous for R462Q RNASEL Variant | journal = PLoS Pathog. | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = e25 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16609730 | pmc = 1434790 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025 }} {{open access}}</ref> but subsequent reports on the virus were contradictory,<ref name="pmid19805305">{{cite journal | author = Schlaberg R, Choe DJ, Brown KR, Thaker HM, Singh IR | title = XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16351–6 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19805305 | pmc = 2739868 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0906922106 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19835577">{{cite journal | author = Hohn O, Krause H, Barbarotto P, Niederstadt L, Beimforde N, Denner J, Miller K, Kurth R, Bannert N | title = Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients | journal = Retrovirology | volume = 6 | issue =  | pages = 92 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19835577 | pmc = 2770519 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4690-6-92 }}</ref> and the original 2006 finding was instead due to a previously undetected contamination.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, Derisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY | title = In-Depth Investigation of Archival and Prospectively Collected Samples Reveals No Evidence for XMRV Infection in Prostate Cancer | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 9 | pages = e44954 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23028701 | pmc = 3445615 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044954 | editor1-last = Tachedjian | editor1-first = Gilda }} {{open access}}</ref> The journals ''Science'' and ''PlosONE'' both retracted XMRV related articles.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Alberts B | title = Retraction | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6063 | pages = 1636 | date = Dec 23, 2011 | pmid = 22194552 | doi = 10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Retraction. Identification of a novel gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01–2e9b–4e9b–aef0–87ab0e4e4732 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23028303 | pmc = 3445601 | doi = 10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01-2e9b-4e9b-aef0-87ab0e4e4732 | editor1-last = Ross | editor1-first = Susan }} {{open access}}</ref>


===Sexual factors===
* Sexual factors
Several case-control studies have shown that having many lifetime sexual partners or starting sexual activity early in life substantially increases the risk of prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Dennis LK, Dawson DV | title = Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer | journal = Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–9 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11805589 | doi = 10.1097/00001648-200201000-00012 }}</ref><ref name="Rosenblatt 1152–8">{{cite journal | author = Rosenblatt KA, Wicklund KG, Stanford JL | title = Sexual factors and the risk of prostate cancer | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 153 | issue = 12 | pages = 1152–8 | date = Jun 15, 2001 | pmid = 11415949 | doi = 10.1093/aje/153.12.1152 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sarma AV, McLaughlin JC, Wallner LP, Dunn RL, Cooney KA, Schottenfeld D, Montie JE, Wei JT | title = Sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases and prostatitis: the risk of prostate cancer in black men | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 176 | issue = 3 | pages = 1108–13 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16890703 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.075 }}</ref>
:* Multiiple sexual partners
 
:* Early onset of sexual activity
While the available evidence is weak,<ref>{{cite book|title=Male Reproductive Cancers|year=2010|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=9781441904508|pages=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAYPxgOoBK4C&pg=PA27}}</ref> tentative results suggest that frequent [[ejaculation]] may decrease the risk of prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scardino|first=Peter|title=Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781749848|pages=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLRxFFEwNsC&pg=PA16|edition=3rd}}</ref> A study, over eight years, showed that those that ejaculated most frequently (over 21 times per month on average) were less likely to get prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leitzmann|first1=MF|last2=Platz|first2=EA|last3=Stampfer
|first3=MJ|last4=Willett|first4=WC|last5=Giovannucci|first5=E|title=Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.|journal=JAMA|date=7 April 2004|volume=291|issue=13|pages=1578–86|pmid=15069045|doi=10.1001/jama.291.13.1578}}</ref> The results were broadly similar to the findings of a smaller Australian study.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Giles|first1=GG|last2=Severi |first2=G|last3=English|first3=DR|last4=McCredie |first4=MR|last5=Borland|first5=R|last6=Boyle|first6=P|last7=Hopper|first7=JL|title=Sexual factors and prostate cancer.|journal=BJU international|date=August 2003|volume=92|issue=3|pages=211–6|pmid=12887469|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04319.x}}</ref>
 


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:51, 15 September 2015

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Overview

Common risk factors in the development of prostate cancer are dietary, lifestyle, family history, African-American men, occupational factors, age, environmental factors, and medication.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of prostate cancer include:

  • Family history
  • African American

Infectious disease

An association with gonorrhea has been found, but a mechanism for this relationship has not been identified.[1]

In 2006, a previously unknown retrovirus, Xenotropic MuLV-related virus or XMRV, was associated with human prostate tumors,[2] but subsequent reports on the virus were contradictory,[3][4] and the original 2006 finding was instead due to a previously undetected contamination.[5] The journals Science and PlosONE both retracted XMRV related articles.[6][7]

  • Sexual factors
  • Multiiple sexual partners
  • Early onset of sexual activity

References

  1. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CainiGandini2014
  2. ↑ Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Klein EA, Malathi K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Tubbs RR, Ganem D, Silverman RH, DeRisi JL (March 2006). "Identification of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Prostate Tumors of Patients Homozygous for R462Q RNASEL Variant". PLoS Pathog. 2 (3): e25. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025. PMC 1434790. PMID 16609730. open access publication – free to read
  3. ↑ Schlaberg R, Choe DJ, Brown KR, Thaker HM, Singh IR (September 2009). "XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (38): 16351–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906922106. PMC 2739868. PMID 19805305.
  4. ↑ Hohn O, Krause H, Barbarotto P, Niederstadt L, Beimforde N, Denner J, Miller K, Kurth R, Bannert N (2009). "Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients". Retrovirology. 6: 92. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-92. PMC 2770519. PMID 19835577.
  5. ↑ Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, Derisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY (2012). Tachedjian, Gilda, ed. "In-Depth Investigation of Archival and Prospectively Collected Samples Reveals No Evidence for XMRV Infection in Prostate Cancer". PLoS ONE. 7 (9): e44954. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044954. PMC 3445615. PMID 23028701. open access publication – free to read
  6. ↑ Alberts B (Dec 23, 2011). "Retraction". Science. 334 (6063): 1636. doi:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a. PMID 22194552. open access publication – free to read
  7. ↑ Ross, Susan, ed. (September 2012). "Retraction. Identification of a novel gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant". PLoS Pathogens. 8 (9): 10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01–2e9b–4e9b–aef0–87ab0e4e4732. doi:10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01-2e9b-4e9b-aef0-87ab0e4e4732. PMC 3445601. PMID 23028303. open access publication – free to read

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