21-hydroxylase deficiency medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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==Early-onset: Severe 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia== | ==Early-onset: Severe 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia== | ||
====Salt-wasting crisis in infancy==== | ====Salt-wasting crisis in infancy<ref name="Wikipeadia"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency</ref>==== | ||
*[[Hydrocortisone]] and intravenous [[saline]] and [[dextrose]] are mainstay treatment of adrenal crisis. | *[[Hydrocortisone]] and intravenous [[saline]] and [[dextrose]] are mainstay treatment of adrenal crisis. | ||
*This treatment quickly restores [[blood volume]], [[blood pressure]], and body sodium content, and reverses the [[hyperkalemia]]. | *This treatment quickly restores [[blood volume]], [[blood pressure]], and body sodium content, and reverses the [[hyperkalemia]]. | ||
*With appropriate treatment, most infants are out of danger within 24 hours. | *With appropriate treatment, most infants are out of danger within 24 hours. | ||
====Long-term management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia==== | ====Long-term management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia<ref name="Wikipeadia"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency</ref>==== | ||
Management of infants and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is complex and warrants long term care in a [[pediatric endocrinology|pediatric endocrine clinic]]. After the diagnosis is confirmed, and any salt-wasting crisis averted or reversed, major management issues include: | Management of infants and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is complex and warrants long term care in a [[pediatric endocrinology|pediatric endocrine clinic]]. After the diagnosis is confirmed, and any salt-wasting crisis averted or reversed, major management issues include: | ||
*Initiating and monitoring hormone replacement | *Initiating and monitoring hormone replacement | ||
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*Optimizing growth | *Optimizing growth | ||
*Optimizing androgen suppression and fertility in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | *Optimizing androgen suppression and fertility in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia | ||
=====Hormone replacement===== | =====Hormone replacement<ref name="Wikipeadia"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency</ref>===== | ||
*[[Glucocorticoid]]s provide a reliable substitute for [[cortisol]] and reduce [[ACTH]] level, reducing ACTH also reduces the stimulus for continued hyperplasia and overproduction of androgens in both sexes. | *[[Glucocorticoid]]s provide a reliable substitute for [[cortisol]] and reduce [[ACTH]] level, reducing ACTH also reduces the stimulus for continued hyperplasia and overproduction of androgens in both sexes. | ||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
:*[[Electrolyte]]s, renin, and [[blood pressure]] levels are followed to optimize the dose. | :*[[Electrolyte]]s, renin, and [[blood pressure]] levels are followed to optimize the dose. | ||
=====Optimizing growth in congenital adrenal hyperplasia===== | =====Optimizing growth in congenital adrenal hyperplasia<ref name="Wikipeadia"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency</ref>===== | ||
*[[Glucocorticoids]] are essential for health and dosing is always a matter of approximation. In even mildly excessive dose, glucocorticoids can slow growth. | *[[Glucocorticoids]] are essential for health and dosing is always a matter of approximation. In even mildly excessive dose, glucocorticoids can slow growth. | ||
*Adrenal androgens are readily converted to [[estradiol]], which accelerates [[bone age|bone maturation]] and can lead to early epiphyseal closure. | *Adrenal androgens are readily converted to [[estradiol]], which accelerates [[bone age|bone maturation]] and can lead to early epiphyseal closure. | ||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
==Childhood onset (simple virilizing) congenital adrenal hyperplasia== | ==Childhood onset (simple virilizing) congenital adrenal hyperplasia== | ||
The mainstay of treatment is: | The mainstay of treatment is:<ref name="Wikipeadia"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency</ref> | ||
*Suppression of adrenal [[testosterone]] production by a [[glucocorticoid]] such as [[hydrocortisone]] | *Suppression of adrenal [[testosterone]] production by a [[glucocorticoid]] such as [[hydrocortisone]] | ||
*[[Mineralocorticoid]] in cases where the plasma [[renin]] activity is high | *[[Mineralocorticoid]] in cases where the plasma [[renin]] activity is high | ||
Revision as of 15:34, 17 September 2015
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency Microchapters |
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Differentiating Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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21-hydroxylase deficiency medical therapy On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of 21-hydroxylase deficiency medical therapy |
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for 21-hydroxylase deficiency medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [2]
Overview
The mainstay of therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is glucocorticoid replacement.
Medical Therapy
Early-onset: Severe 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Salt-wasting crisis in infancy[1]
- Hydrocortisone and intravenous saline and dextrose are mainstay treatment of adrenal crisis.
- This treatment quickly restores blood volume, blood pressure, and body sodium content, and reverses the hyperkalemia.
- With appropriate treatment, most infants are out of danger within 24 hours.
Long-term management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia[1]
Management of infants and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is complex and warrants long term care in a pediatric endocrine clinic. After the diagnosis is confirmed, and any salt-wasting crisis averted or reversed, major management issues include:
- Initiating and monitoring hormone replacement
- Stress coverage, crisis prevention, parental education
- Reconstructive surgery
- Optimizing growth
- Optimizing androgen suppression and fertility in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hormone replacement[1]
- Glucocorticoids provide a reliable substitute for cortisol and reduce ACTH level, reducing ACTH also reduces the stimulus for continued hyperplasia and overproduction of androgens in both sexes.
- Hydrocortisone or liquid prednisolone is preferred in infancy and childhood.
- Prednisone or dexamethasone are often more convenient for adults.
- Dose is typically started at the low end of physiologic replacement (6-12 mg/m2) but is adjusted throughout childhood to prevent both growth suppression from too much and androgen escape from too little glucocorticoid.
- Serum levels of 17OHP, testosterone, androstenedione, and other adrenal steroids are followed for additional information, but may not be entirely normalized even with optimal treatment.
- Mineralocorticoids are replaced in all infants with salt-wasting and in most patients with elevated renin levels.
- Fludrocortisone is the only pharmaceutically available mineralocorticoid, doses of (0.05 to 2 mg) daily is recommended.
- Electrolytes, renin, and blood pressure levels are followed to optimize the dose.
Optimizing growth in congenital adrenal hyperplasia[1]
- Glucocorticoids are essential for health and dosing is always a matter of approximation. In even mildly excessive dose, glucocorticoids can slow growth.
- Adrenal androgens are readily converted to estradiol, which accelerates bone maturation and can lead to early epiphyseal closure.
- Rate of growth is assessed by checking the bone age every year or two through periodic measurement of 17OHP and testosterone levels.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists such as leuprolide are used to slow bone maturation and suppress precocious puberty.
- Antiandrogen such as flutamide reduce the conversion of testosterone to estradiol.
- Aromatase inhibitor such as testolactone also block conversion of testosterone to estradiol.
- Bilateral adrenalectomy rarely used to remove the androgen sources
- Growth hormone treatment is used to enhance growth
Childhood onset (simple virilizing) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
The mainstay of treatment is:[1]
- Suppression of adrenal testosterone production by a glucocorticoid such as hydrocortisone
- Mineralocorticoid in cases where the plasma renin activity is high
- Suppression of central precocious puberty by leuprolide
- Aromatase inhibitior to slow bone maturation by reducing the amount of testosterone converted to estradiol, estrogen blockers are also used for the same purpose.
- Stress steroid coverage for significant illness or injury
Late onset (nonclassical) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Combination of very low dose of glucocorticoid (to reduce adrenal androgen production) and androgen blockers (to induce ovulation) are used in late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia