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The table below lists the genetic risk factors for multiple myeloma:
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Genetic Risk Factor'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
|-
| '''Age'''|| The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.
|-
| '''Gender'''|| Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1
|-
| '''Lynch Syndrome AKA Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)'''||AD inheritance; caused by a defect in one of the mismatch repair genes, most commonly hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, or PMS2; the mean age at initial cancer diagnosis is around 48 years<ref name="pmid21193451">{{cite journal| author=Parry S, Win AK, Parry B, Macrae FA, Gurrin LC, Church JM et al.| title=Metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers: the advantage of more extensive colon surgery. | journal=Gut | year= 2011 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 950-7 | pmid=21193451 | doi=10.1136/gut.2010.228056 | pmc=PMC3848416 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21193451  }}</ref>
|}
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Risk Factor'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
|-
| '''Age'''||The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years<ref>Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
|-
| '''Race'''||African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
<ref>Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
|-
| '''Gender'''||Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1<ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
|-
| '''Having other plasma cell diseases'''||Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance  develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref>
|-
| '''Family history'''||A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi =  | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23926460">{{cite journal| author=Koura DT, Langston AA| title=Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma. | journal=Ther Adv Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=23926460 | doi=10.1177/2040620713485375 | pmc=PMC3734900 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23926460  }} </ref>
|-
| '''Obesity'''||A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref>
|-
| '''Workplace exposures'''||Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi =  | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref>
|-
| '''Radiation'''|| Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure <ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref>
|}
|}

Revision as of 00:27, 21 September 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]

Durie-Salmon staging system

First published in 1975, the Durie-Salmon staging system [1] is still in use, but has largely been superseded by the simpler ISS:

  • stage 1: all of
    • Hb > 10g/dL
    • normal calcium
    • Skeletal survey: normal or single plasmacytoma or osteoporosis
    • Serum paraprotein level < 5 g/dL if IgG, < 3 g/dL if IgA
    • Urinary light chain excretion < 4 g/24h
  • stage 2: fulfilling the criteria of neither 1 nor 3
  • stage 3: one or more of
    • Hb < 8.5g/dL
    • high calcium > 12mg/dL
    • Skeletal survey: 3 or more lytic bone lesions
    • Serum paraprotein >7g/dL if IgG, > 5 g/dL if IgA
    • Urinary light chain excretion > 12g/24h
Stage Hemoglobin level Calcium level Skeletal survey Serum paraprotein level Urinary light chain excretion
Stage 1
  • > 10g/dL
  • 8.5-10.2 mg/dL
  • Normal or single plasmacytoma or osteoporosis
  • < 5 g/dL if IgG or < 3 g/dL if IgA
  • < 4 g/24h
Stage 2
  • 8.5-10g/dL
  • 10.2-12 mg/dL
  • fulfilling the criteria of neither 1 nor 3
  • 5-7 g/dL if IgG or 3-5 g/dL if IgA
  • 4-12 g/24h
Stage 3
  • < 8.5g/dL
  • > 12mg/dL
  • 3 or more lytic bone lesions
  • >7g/dL if IgG or > 5 g/dL if IgA
  • > 12g/24h



The table below lists the genetic risk factors for multiple myeloma:

Genetic Risk Factor Description
Age The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.
Gender Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1
Lynch Syndrome AKA Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) AD inheritance; caused by a defect in one of the mismatch repair genes, most commonly hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, or PMS2; the mean age at initial cancer diagnosis is around 48 years[2]

The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:

Risk Factor Description
Age The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years[3][4]
Race African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma[5]

[6]

Gender Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1[7]
Having other plasma cell diseases Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[8]
Family history A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[9][10][11]
Obesity A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma[12]
Workplace exposures Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations[13][14]
Radiation Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure [15]
  1. ↑ Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival. Cancer 1975;36:842–854. PMID 1182674.
  2. ↑ Parry S, Win AK, Parry B, Macrae FA, Gurrin LC, Church JM; et al. (2011). "Metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers: the advantage of more extensive colon surgery". Gut. 60 (7): 950–7. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.228056. PMC 3848416. PMID 21193451.
  3. ↑ Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  4. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  5. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  6. ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  7. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  8. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  9. ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  11. ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
  12. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  13. ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
  15. ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit&section=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
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