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| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. | | Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. |
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| *[[Brainstem stroke]]
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| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Cerebellar infarction]]
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| *[[Cyanide]]
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| *[[Drug overdose]]
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| *[[Head injury]]
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| *[[Stroke]]<ref name="Gauss-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gauss | first1 = I. | last2 = Delank | first2 = KW. | last3 = Esser | first3 = M. | last4 = Grau | first4 = A. | title = [Life-threatening differential diagnoses of vertigo and sudden hearing loss]. | journal = HNO | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | pages = 733-40; quiz 741 | month = Jul | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s00106-008-1771-5 | PMID = 18566785 }}</ref>
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| *[[Acoustic neuroma]]
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| *[[Aminoglycosides]]
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| *[[Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]]
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| *[[Lateral medullary syndrome|Brainstem ischemia]]
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| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Cerebellar infarction]]
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| *[[Labyrinthitis]]
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| *[[Medications]]
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| *[[Meniere's disease]]
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| *[[Migraine|Migrainous vertigo]]
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| *[[Otitis media]]
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| *[[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome]]
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| *[[Vestibular neuritis]]<ref name="Kroenke-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kroenke | first1 = K. | last2 = Hoffman | first2 = RM. | last3 = Einstadter | first3 = D. | title = How common are various causes of dizziness? A critical review. | journal = South Med J | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 160-7; quiz 168 | month = Feb | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 10701780 }}</ref>
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ===Causes by Organ System=== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3]
Overview
Vertigo can result from problems of the inner ear or the vestibular system which is composed of the semicircular canals, the otolith (utricle and saccule) and the vestibular nerve. Hence, depending on the cause of the vertigo, it can be referred to as "peripheral", "otologic" or "vestibular" vertigo. The most common cause is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which accounts for 32% of all peripheral vertigo. Other causes include Ménière's disease (12%), superior canal dehiscence syndrome, labyrinthitis and visual vertigo. Any cause of inflammation such as common cold, influenza, and bacterial infections may cause transient vertigo if it involves the inner ear, as may chemical insults (e.g., aminoglycosides) or physical trauma (e.g., skull fractures). Motion sickness is sometimes classified as a cause of peripheral vertigo.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary heart disease, hypertension, malignant hypertension, Sinus bradycardia ,superior vena cava syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, vasovagal syncope
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| Chemical / poisoning
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Amanita muscaria, arsine, bromide, chloralose, chlorinated naphthalene, chloromethane, Corn lily poisoning, cyanide, cycad nut poisoning, ethylbenzene, gasoline, ibotenic acid, multiple chemical sensitivity, nitrogen narcosis, pfiesteria poisoning, phosphine, snakebites, tobacco smoking, xylene
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| Dermatologic
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Glomus tumor, Lyme disease, neurofibromatosis
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| Drug Side Effect
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3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, 4-HO-MPT, ACE inhibitors, albendazole, ambenonium, amikacin, aminoglycosides, anti-obesity drug, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antiretroviral drug, atenolol, aztreonam, biperiden, bromocriptine, buspirone, cabergoline, capreomycin sulfate, cidofovir, cortisone, clomifene, clozapine, dapsone, daptomycin, desmopressin, dexamethasone, diflunisal, disulfiram, dolutegravir, dolasetron mesylate, efavirenz, eflornithine, eslicarbazepine acetate, ethacrynic Acid, etravirine, ezogabine, febuxostat, flucytosine, fulvestrant, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, galantamine hydrobromide, gentamicin, gabapentin Enacarbil, histamine agonist, hydroxychloroquine, hydrochlorothiazide, ibotenic acid, imipenem-cilastatin, indomethacin, isosorbide mononitrate, isoproterenol (aerosol), ivermectin, kanamycin, ketorolac, leflunomide, leuprolide, lincomycin hydrochloride, loop diuretic, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, malaria prophylaxis, methimazole, methocarbamol, methylprednisolone, minocycline hydrochloride, moclobemide, modafinil, meprobamate, monomethylhydrazine, nabilone, nabumetone, netilmicin, nialamide, nitrazepam, oprelvekin, oxaprozin, oxazepam, papaverineparoxetine, pergolide, prednisone, primidone, pentamidine Isethionate, pergolide, perphenazine, pomalidomide, praziquantel, primidone, rifaximin, riluzole, rizatriptan, ropinirole, sedatives, Sertraline, SSRI discontinuation syndrome, streptomycin, sulindac, sultiame, Sumatriptan, tamsulosin, temazepam, trazodone, tuberculosis treatment, valaciclovir, venlafaxine, vigabatrin, viloxazine, vortioxetine, zimelidine, zonisamide, zolmitriptan
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| Ear Nose Throat
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Acoustic neuroma, balance disorder, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancycatarrh, cholesteatoma, cogan syndrome, ear wax, endolymphatic sac tumor, ependymoma, facial nerve paralysis, glomus tumor, herpes zoster oticus, labyrinthitis, labyrinth infarction, labyrinthine concussion, mastoiditis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, nasal congestion, osteoma of the external ear canal, otitis externaotitis media, otosclerosis, ototoxicity, perforated tympanic membrane, perilymph fistula, recurrent vestibulopathy, Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, superior canal dehiscence syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial, vestibulocochlear nerve diseases, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
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| Endocrine
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No underlying causes
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| Environmental
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Microwave auditory effect, noise health effects, sound pressure
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| Gastroenterologic
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Visceroptosis
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| Genetic
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Episodic ataxia, Fabry's disease, neurofibromatosis, sensorineural hearing loss, vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial
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| Hematologic
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Anemia, Osler-Vaquez disease, polycythemia rubra, superior vena cava syndrome
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| Iatrogenic
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No underlying causes
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| Infectious Disease
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Bacterial infection, common cold, mastoiditis, herpes zoster oticus, influenza, intracranial infection, labyrinthitis, lyme disease, otitis externa, otitis media, syphillis, viral infection
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| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
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No underlying causes
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| Neurologic
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Acoustic neuroma, airsickness, arachnoid cyst, Arnold-Chiari malformation, astrocytoma, balance disorder, Barre-Lieou syndrome, basilar artery insufficiency syndrome, basilar artery migraine, brain ischemia, brain tumor, brain zaps, brainstem infarction, brainstem stroke, Bruns' syndrome, cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar infarction, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral shunt, cerebrovascular accident, chronic fatigue syndrome, colloid cyst, decompression sickness, deep water blackout, encephalitis, ependymoma, episodic ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, head injury, herpes zoster oticus, hydrocephalus, hypertensive encephalopathy, inferior cerebellar bleeding, intracranial infection, lateral medullary syndrome, medulloblastoma, meningioma, migraine, motion sickness, multiple sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, non-epileptic seizure, oculogyric crisis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, peripheral neuritis, posterior fossa tumors, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, sea-sickness, sensorineural hearing loss, seizures, skull fractures, spinal cord disorders, spinocerebellar ataxia, stroke, subclavian steal syndrome, Susac syndrome, syringobulbia, taravana, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, transient ischemic attack, vasovagal syncope, vertebral artery dissection, vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack, vertiginous epilepsy, vestibular migraine, vestibular neuronitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Wallenberg's syndrome, Westphal-leyden ataxia
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| Nutritional / Metabolic
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Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency, Fabry's disease, hypervitaminoses A and D
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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Hyperemesis gravidarum, morning sickness
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| Oncologic
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Acoustic neuroma, astrocytoma, brain tumor, ependymoma, glomus tumor, medulloblastoma, meningioma, neurofibromatosis, Osler-Vaquez disease, osteoma of the external ear canal, polycythemia rubra, posterior fossa tumors
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| Opthalmologic
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Cogan syndrome, oculogyric crisis
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| Overdose / Toxicity
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Alcohol overdose, cinchonism, darvocet overdose, drug overdose, hypervitaminoses A and D
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| Psychiatric
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Chronic fatigue syndrome, panic attack
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| Pulmonary
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Barotrauma, common cold
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| Renal / Electrolyte
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Chronic renal failure, hypomagnesemia primary, metabolic acidosis
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| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
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Chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergy, multiple sclerosis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, Susac syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
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| Sexual
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Syphillis
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| Trauma
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Head injury, labyrinthine concussion, skull fractures, whiplash injuries
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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Hellebore, peppermint oil, sassafras oil, systemic capillary leak syndrome, Tsetse fly
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
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References
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