Bladder cancer pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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:* On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma. | :* On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma. | ||
* Invasive urothelial carcinoma | * Invasive urothelial carcinoma<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040 }} </ref> | ||
:* On gross pathology, invasion beyond the basement membrane is characteristic finding of invasive urothelial carcinoma. | |||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
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* Invasive urothelial carcinoma | * Invasive urothelial carcinoma | ||
:* Microscopic histopathological analysis shows distinctively different histomorphologic phenotype findings.<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 19:41, 1 October 2015
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Overview
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1.
Pathogenesis
- Under normal conditions, the bladder, the lower part of the kidneys (the renal pelvises), the ureters, and the proximal urethra are lined with a specialized mucous membrane referred to as transitional epithelium (also called urothelium).
- Most cancers that form in the bladder, the renal pelvises, the ureters, and the proximal urethra are transitional cell carcinomas (also called urothelial carcinomas) that derive from transitional epithelium.
- Urothelial carcinomas may be non-invasive (only in the lining of the bladder) or invasive (growing into other layers of the bladder wall).
- Urothelial carcinomas with mixed epithelial features are invasive tumours that have different types of cells mixed with the cancer cells.
Genetics
Genetic mutations:
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma[3]
- On gross pathology, invasion beyond the basement membrane is characteristic finding of invasive urothelial carcinoma.
Microscopic Pathology
- Flat lesions
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of cell polarity, nuclear crowding, and nuclear crowding are characteristic findings.
- Papillary lesions
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and eosinophilic cytoplasm are characteristic findings.
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma
- Microscopic histopathological analysis shows distinctively different histomorphologic phenotype findings.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG (2000). "Flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder". Cancer. 88 (3): 625–31. PMID 10649257.
- ↑ Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG (1999). "Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder". Am J Surg Pathol. 23 (4): 443–7. PMID 10199474.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J (2011). "Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches". Curr Oncol Rep. 13 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4. PMID 21360040.
- ↑ McKenney JK, Amin MB, Young RH (2003). "Urothelial (transitional cell) papilloma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases". Mod Pathol. 16 (7): 623–9. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000073973.74228.1E. PMID 12861056.
- ↑ Picozzi S, Casellato S, Bozzini G, Ratti D, Macchi A, Rubino B; et al. (2013). "Inverted papilloma of the bladder: a review and an analysis of the recent literature of 365 patients". Urol Oncol. 31 (8): 1584–90. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.03.009. PMID 22520573.