Bladder cancer overview: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
[[Genes]] involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer include [[HRAS]], [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb1]], [[PTEN]]/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat [[lesions]] or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative [[mass]] or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of [[cell]] polarity, [[nuclear]] crowding, and cytologic [[atypia]] are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] are characteristic findings of [[papillary]] lesion; invasion beyond the [[basement membrane]] is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. | [[Genes]] involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer include [[HRAS]], [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb1]], [[PTEN]]/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat [[lesions]] or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative [[mass]] or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of [[cell]] polarity, [[nuclear]] crowding, and cytologic [[atypia]] are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] are characteristic findings of [[papillary]] lesion; invasion beyond the [[basement membrane]] is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. | ||
==Causes== | |||
There are no established causes for bladder cancer. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:39, 8 October 2015
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Overview
Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the pelvis. The most common type of bladder cancer begins in cells lining the inside of the bladder and is called urothelial cell or transitional cell carcinoma (UCC or TCC).
Classification
Bladder cancer may be classified according to cell types into several subtypes: transitional cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, small cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Pathophysiology
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive transitional cell carcinomas; a large infiltrative mass or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive transitional cell carcinomas. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of cell polarity, nuclear crowding, and cytologic atypia are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella cells, and eosinophilic cytoplasm are characteristic findings of papillary lesion; invasion beyond the basement membrane is the characteristic finding of invasive transitional cell carcinomas.
Causes
There are no established causes for bladder cancer.