Blue sclera

Blue sclera
Blue sclera in osteogenesis imperfecta. Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differential Diagnosis

In alphabetical order.

• Alkaptonuria
• Crouzon Syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
• Enlarged globe
• Infantile glaucoma
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Keratoconus
• Marfan's Syndrome
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Paget's Disease
• Scleral ectasia
• Scleral staphyloma

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Loeys-dietz syndrome,
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Retigabine
Ear Nose Throat	Van der hoeve's syndrome
Endocrine	Laron dwarfism
Environmental	Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Alkaptonuria , Developmental delay -- hypotonia extremities hypertrophy , Ehlers-danlos syndrome , Incontinentia pigmenti , Juvenile paget disease, Laron dwarfism, Lobstein disease , Loeys-dietz syndrome, Marfan's syndrome , Marshall-smith-weaver syndrome, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, recessive type , Osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget disease juvenile type, Recurrent hereditary polyserositis, Willems de vries syndrome.
Hematologic	Leukemia, Von Willebrand factor
Iatrogenic	Endoscopy, invisalign, nasogastric intubation, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Infectious Disease	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, allergic pharyngitis, angina tonsillaris, anthrax, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, arcanobacterium, Bezold's abscess, blastomyces, candida albicans, cervical phlegmon, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, chlamydophila pneumoniae, CMV pneumonitis, coccidioidomycosis, collinsonia canadensis, coronavirus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, deep neck infection, diphtheria, Duke's disease, ebola, echovirus, encephalitis lethargica, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus, francisella tularensis, fungal pharyngitis, fusobacterium necrophorum, fusobacterium, gonococcal pharyngitis, gonorrhea, Group A streptococcal infection, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpesviridae, histoplasma, HIV, human parainfluenza viruses, influenza, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, klebsiella, laryngitis, lassa fever, Lemierre's syndrome, lymphadenitis, metapneumovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, mumps, mycobacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrheae, non-specific urethritis, oral candidiasis, PANDAS, paracoccidioides, parainfluenza, pasteurella, pemphigus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngoconjunctival fever, pneumococcus, poliovirus, Q fever, rabies, rat bite fever, respiratory syncitial virus, retropharyngeal abscess, rhinosporidium, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scrumpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, strep throat, streptococcal infections, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus suis, syphillis, the clap, tonsillitis, toxemia, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, treponema pallidum, tularemia, upper respiratory tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis lethargica
Nutritional / Metabolic	Ariboflavinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Cervical phlegmon
Oncologic	Laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Cocaine, toxins
Psychiatric	Chronic fatigue syndrome, PANDAS
Pulmonary	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), CMV pneumonitis, epiglottitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hay fever, laryngitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Allergic pharyngitis, ankylosing spondylitis, arthralgia, Behcets syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hay fever, immunocompromised host, lymphadenitis, lymphoproliferative disorders, periodic fever syndrome, platinosis, Still's disease, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign body

References

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