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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' is responsible for almost two thirds of the reported cases. <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref><ref name="pmid10447289">{{cite journal| author=Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, Knoller N, Namaguchi Y, Schreibman DL et al.| title=Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 52 | issue= 2 | pages= 189-96; discussion 197 | pmid=10447289 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10447289  }} </ref>  Due to the generalized use of [[antibiotics]]  through the years, the number of reported cases of [[SEA]] due to [[MRSA]] has increased exponentially, reaching up to 40% of the cases in some institutions, particularly in patients with [[spinal cord|spinal]] or vascular implanted devices. <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref> Other less common, but still important organisms are: <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref><ref name="pmid15629340">{{cite journal| author=Pereira CE, Lynch JC| title=Spinal epidural abscess: an analysis of 24 cases. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 2005 | volume= 63 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S26-9 | pmid=15629340 | doi=10.1016/j.surneu.2004.09.021 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15629340  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10433605">{{cite journal| author=Chowfin A, Potti A, Paul A, Carson P| title=Spinal epidural abscess after tattooing. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=10433605 | doi=10.1086/520174 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433605  }} </ref>
''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' is responsible for almost two thirds of the reported cases. <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref><ref name="pmid10447289">{{cite journal| author=Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, Knoller N, Namaguchi Y, Schreibman DL et al.| title=Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 52 | issue= 2 | pages= 189-96; discussion 197 | pmid=10447289 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10447289  }} </ref>  Due to the generalized use of [[antibiotics]]  through the years, the number of reported cases of [[SEA]] due to [[MRSA]] has increased exponentially, reaching up to 40% of the cases in some institutions, particularly in patients with [[spinal cord|spinal]] or vascular implanted devices. <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref> Other less common, but still important organisms are: <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref><ref name="pmid15629340">{{cite journal| author=Pereira CE, Lynch JC| title=Spinal epidural abscess: an analysis of 24 cases. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 2005 | volume= 63 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S26-9 | pmid=15629340 | doi=10.1016/j.surneu.2004.09.021 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15629340  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10433605">{{cite journal| author=Chowfin A, Potti A, Paul A, Carson P| title=Spinal epidural abscess after tattooing. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=10433605 | doi=10.1086/520174 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prli**''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]''
 
*''[[Escherichia coli]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
*[[Anaerobic bacteria]]
*[[Mycobacteria]]
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Parasites]]


==Causes by Organ System==
==Causes by Organ System==

Revision as of 21:53, 6 November 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Common causes of intracranial epidural abscess include paranasal sinusitis, osteomyelitis of the skull, extension of infection from otitis, mastoiditis or orbit, and direct inoculation during a surgical procedure or trauma. Common causes of spinal epidural abscess include spinal instrumentation, vascular access and IV drug use.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Epidural abscess is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the cause.

Common Causes

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for almost two thirds of the reported cases. [1][2] Due to the generalized use of antibiotics through the years, the number of reported cases of SEA due to MRSA has increased exponentially, reaching up to 40% of the cases in some institutions, particularly in patients with spinal or vascular implanted devices. [1] Other less common, but still important organisms are: [1][3][4][5][6][7]

Intracranial Epidural Abscess

Spinal Epidural Abscess

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Darouiche, Rabih O. (2006). "Spinal Epidural Abscess". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2012–2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra055111. ISSN 0028-4793.
  2. ↑ Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, Knoller N, Namaguchi Y, Schreibman DL; et al. (1999). "Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management". Surg Neurol. 52 (2): 189–96, discussion 197. PMID 10447289.
  3. ↑ Pereira CE, Lynch JC (2005). "Spinal epidural abscess: an analysis of 24 cases". Surg Neurol. 63 Suppl 1: S26–9. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2004.09.021. PMID 15629340.
  4. ↑ Danner, R. L.; Hartman, B. J. (1987). "Update of Spinal Epidural Abscess: 35 Cases and Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 265–274. doi:10.1093/clinids/9.2.265. ISSN 1058-4838.
  5. ↑ Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, Numaguchi Y, Wolf AL, Robinson WL (1992). "Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review". Surg Neurol. 38 (3): 225–31. PMID 1359657.
  6. ↑ Darouiche RO, Hamill RJ, Greenberg SB, Weathers SW, Musher DM (1992). "Bacterial spinal epidural abscess. Review of 43 cases and literature survey". Medicine (Baltimore). 71 (6): 369–85. PMID 1359381.
  7. ↑ Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis) (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medici. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  8. ↑ Griffiths DL (1980). "Tuberculosis of the spine: a review". Adv Tuberc Res. 20: 92–110. PMID 7395641.

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