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| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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| Image = |
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| Caption = |
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| MeshID = |
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| }}
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| {{SI}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| '''Hyporeflexia''' is the opposite of [[hyperreflexia]]: the presence of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a [[reflex hammer]]. [[Hyporeflexia]] is generally associated with a [[lower motor neuron]] deficit (lower motor neuron dysfunction) at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle; whereas, [[hyperreflexia]] is often attributed to [[upper motor neuron]] lesions (along the long motor tracts from the brain).
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| * [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
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| * [[Calcium]]
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| * [[Glucose]]
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| * [[Antinuclear antibody]] ([[ANA]])
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| * [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
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| * [[HIV]]
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| * [[Rapid plasma reagin]] ([[RPR]])
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| * [[Vitamin B12]] levels
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| * [[Thyroid function tests]]
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| * [[Heavy metal]] screen
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| * [[Hemoglobin A1c]]
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| * [[CK|Creatinine phosphokinase]] ([[CK]])
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| * [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[ESR]])
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| * [[Serum protein electrophoresis]] ([[SPEP]])
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| * Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| * Nerve conduction studies
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| * [[Cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) analysis
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| ==Differential Diagnosis==
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| In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
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| * Brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy
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| * [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
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| * [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]]
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| * Isolated peripheral nerve injury/dysfunction
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| * [[Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome]]
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| * Motor neuron disease
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| * Multifocal motor neuropathy
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| * [[Myopathy]]
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| * [[Obesity]]
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| * [[Peripheral neuropathy]]
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| * Radiculopathy
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| * [[Spinal shock]]
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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Flatulence}} | | {{Flatulence}} |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| * [[Acetaminophen]]
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| * [[Albuterol ]]
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| * [[Biliary disease]]
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| * [[Caffeine]]
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| * [[Cystic fibrosis]]
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| * [[Clostridium difficile]]
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| * [[Diverticulitis]]
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| * [[Lisinopril]]
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| * [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
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| * [[Intermittent bowel obstruction]]
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| * [[Malabsorption]]
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| * [[Obesity]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ===Causes by Organ System=== |
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== |
| {{columns-list|3|
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| * 3-month infant
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| * Abdominal surgery
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| * [[Acarbose]]
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| * [[Acetaminophen]]
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| * [[Aerophagia]]
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| * [[Albuterol]]
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| * Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
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| * Alteration of intestinal motility
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| * [[Amebiasis]]
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| * [[Anal cancer]]
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| * [[Anxiety]]
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| * Apples
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| * [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
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| * Beans
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| * [[Bexarotene]]
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| * [[Biliary disease]]
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| * [[Blastocystis]]
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| * Bowel fermentation
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| * Brussel sprouts
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| * [[Bupropion]]
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| * [[Butalbital]]
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| * Cabbage
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| * [[Caffeine]]
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| * [[Calcium carbonate]]
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| * [[Levodopa and Carbidopa]]
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| * Carbohydrate malabsorption
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| * Carbonated beverages
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| * [[Carcinoid tumors]]
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| * [[Colon cancer]]
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| * [[Celiac disease]]
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| * [[Cevimeline]]
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| * Chewing gum
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| * [[Chloral hydrate]]
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| * [[Cholesterolosis]]
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| * Chronic constipation in adults
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| * Chronic diarrhea in developed countries
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| * Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children
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| * Chronic mesenteric ischemia
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| * [[Cirrhosis of liver]]
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| * [[Citalopram]]
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| * [[Clindamycin]]
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| * [[Clonorchis]]
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| * Clostridium difficile
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| * [[Codeine]]
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| * Colonic bacterial fermentation
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| * [[Crayfish]]
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| * [[Crohn's disease]]
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| * [[Cyclosporiasis]]
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| * [[Cystic fibrosis]]
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| * [[Denosumab]]
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| * [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
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| * Dietary factors
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| * [[Disopyramide]]
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| * [[Diverticulitis]]
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| * [[Diverticulosis]]
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| * Dulaglutide
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| * Eating too quickly
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| * [[Eluxadoline]]
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| * [[Enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]]
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| * [[Etodolac]]
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| * [[Exenatide]]
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| * Fecal incontinence in infants and children
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| * [[Food allergies]]
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| * [[Gallbladder disease]]
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| * [[Gallbladder polyps]]
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| * [[Gallstone ileus]]
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| * [[Gallstones]]
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| * Gas-containing sodas
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| * Gastric intestinal metaplasia
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| * [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
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| * Gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy
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| * [[Giardiasis]]
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| * [[Glipizide]]
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| * [[Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
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| * [[Glycopyrrolate]]
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| * Gut fermentation
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| * Habitual air swallowing
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| * [[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
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| * Herbal products
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| * High fibre diet
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| * High legume diet
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| * High-fiber diet
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| * [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
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| * [[Hookworm]]
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| * [[Hypersalivation]]
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| * Increased intake of fructose
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| * Increased intake of lactose
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| * Increased intake of sorbitol
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| * Intermittent bowel obstruction
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| * Intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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| * Intestinal motility disorders
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| * Intestinal obstruction
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| * Introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy
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| * [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
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| * Lactose intolerance
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| * [[Lactulose]]
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| * Lipase inhibitors
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| * [[Lisinopril]]
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| * [[Lithium]]
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| * [[Lobster]]
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| * [[Lovastatin]]
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| * Malabsorption
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| * [[Megestrol acetate]]
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| * [[Mesenteric ischemia]]
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| * [[Mesalazine]]
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| * [[Metformin]]
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| * Metorchis
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| * [[Midodrine]]
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| * [[Miglitol]]
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| * [[Modafinil]]
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| * [[Moxifloxacin]]
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| * [[Naproxen]]
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| * [[Nitrofurantoin]]
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| * [[Norfloxacin]]
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| * Normal in healthy individuals
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| * Normal infant
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| * Normal physical needs
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| * [[Nuts]]
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| * [[Obesity]]
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| * [[Octreotide]]
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| * [[Ofloxacin]]
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| * Onions
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| * [[Opisthorchiasis]]
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| * [[Pancreatic cancer]]
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| * [[Pancreatic disease]]
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| * [[Pancreatic insufficiency]]
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| * Peanuts
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| * [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
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| * [[Polyethylene glycol]]
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| * [[Pork]]
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| * Postoperative ileus
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| * [[Probiotics]]
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| * Prunes
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| * Raisins
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| * [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
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| * [[Human growth hormone]]
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| * [[Rifampicin]]
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| * [[Ritonavir]]
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| * Shellfish
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| * [[Short bowel syndrome]]
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| * Shrimp
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| * [[Simethicone]]
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| * [[Simvastatin]]
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| * Small bowel diverticular
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| * Small intestine bacterial infection
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| * [[Sotalol]]
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| * Stomach infection
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| * [[Sunitinib]]
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| * Swallowed air
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| * [[Tacrolimus]]
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| * [[Thalidomide]]
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| * [[Tolcapone]]
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| * [[Tramadol]]
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| * undigestible starches in fruits
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| * undigestible starches legumes
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| * [[Wallnuts]]
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| * Undigestible starches in vegetables
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| }}
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| ==References== | | ==References== |