Myelodysplastic syndrome overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The '''myelodysplastic syndromes''' was first described in 1900 by Leube.<ref name="Nimer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Nimer|first1=S. D.|title=Myelodysplastic syndromes|journal=Blood|volume=111|issue=10|year=2008|pages=4841–4851|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139}}</ref> Myelodysplastic syndromes may be classified into several subtypes based on [[French-American-British classification|French-American-British (FAB) classification]] and [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification method.<ref name=radiopaedia>Classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Radiopaedia (2015). http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelodysplastic-syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=cancergov2>Pathologic systems of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=wikipedia>French-American-British (FAB) classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=wikiWHO>World Health Organization classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> Cytogenetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome include isolated deletion of 5q, monosomy 7, and monosomy 8.<ref name=Librepathology2>Cytogenetics of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with [[Fanconi syndrome]], [[Diamond-Blackfan syndrome|Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]].<ref name=Librepathology1>Associations of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> There are no characteristic findings of myelodysplastic syndrome on gross pathology. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[dyserythropoiesis]], dysgranulopoiesis, and dysmegakaryocytopoiesis are findings of myelodysplastic syndrome.<ref name=Librepathology2>Histologic features of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> The cause of primary myelodysplastic syndrome has not been identified.<ref name=cancergov2>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref> Common causes of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome include [[radiation]], [[busulfan]], [[nitrosourea]], [[procarbazine]], [[Topoisomerase inhibitor|DNA topoisomerase inhibitors]], [[Aplastic anemia|acquired aplastic anemia]], and [[Fanconi's anemia]].<ref name=cancergov2>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[anemia]], [[neutropenia]], and [[thrombocytopenia]], such as: [[aplastic anemia]], [[fanconi anemia]], [[pure red cell aplasia]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[parvovirus B19|parovirus B19 infection]], and [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B12 defeciency]].<ref name=Librepathology3>Differential diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref><ref name="MerrillSmith2011">{{cite journal|last1=Merrill|first1=Andrea L.|last2=Smith|first2=Hedy|title=Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmunity: A Case Report of an Unusual Presentation of Myelodysplastic Syndrome|journal=Case Reports in Hematology|volume=2011|year=2011|pages=1–4|issn=2090-6560|doi=10.1155/2011/560106}}</ref><ref name="DeZernSekeres2014">{{cite journal|last1=DeZern|first1=A. E.|last2=Sekeres|first2=M. A.|title=The Challenging World of Cytopenias: Distinguishing Myelodysplastic Syndromes From Other Disorders of Marrow Failure|journal=The Oncologist|volume=19|issue=7|year=2014|pages=735–745|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0056}}</ref> The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.<ref name=cancergov>Clinical features of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> | The '''myelodysplastic syndromes''' was first described in 1900 by Leube.<ref name="Nimer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Nimer|first1=S. D.|title=Myelodysplastic syndromes|journal=Blood|volume=111|issue=10|year=2008|pages=4841–4851|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139}}</ref> Myelodysplastic syndromes may be classified into several subtypes based on [[French-American-British classification|French-American-British (FAB) classification]] and [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification method.<ref name=radiopaedia>Classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Radiopaedia (2015). http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelodysplastic-syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=cancergov2>Pathologic systems of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=wikipedia>French-American-British (FAB) classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref><ref name=wikiWHO>World Health Organization classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> Cytogenetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome include isolated deletion of 5q, monosomy 7, and monosomy 8.<ref name=Librepathology2>Cytogenetics of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with [[Fanconi syndrome]], [[Diamond-Blackfan syndrome|Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]].<ref name=Librepathology1>Associations of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> There are no characteristic findings of myelodysplastic syndrome on gross pathology. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[dyserythropoiesis]], dysgranulopoiesis, and dysmegakaryocytopoiesis are findings of myelodysplastic syndrome.<ref name=Librepathology2>Histologic features of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015</ref> The cause of primary myelodysplastic syndrome has not been identified.<ref name=cancergov2>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref> Common causes of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome include [[radiation]], [[busulfan]], [[nitrosourea]], [[procarbazine]], [[Topoisomerase inhibitor|DNA topoisomerase inhibitors]], [[Aplastic anemia|acquired aplastic anemia]], and [[Fanconi's anemia]].<ref name=cancergov2>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[anemia]], [[neutropenia]], and [[thrombocytopenia]], such as: [[aplastic anemia]], [[fanconi anemia]], [[pure red cell aplasia]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[parvovirus B19|parovirus B19 infection]], and [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B12 defeciency]].<ref name=Librepathology3>Differential diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 9, 2015</ref><ref name="MerrillSmith2011">{{cite journal|last1=Merrill|first1=Andrea L.|last2=Smith|first2=Hedy|title=Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmunity: A Case Report of an Unusual Presentation of Myelodysplastic Syndrome|journal=Case Reports in Hematology|volume=2011|year=2011|pages=1–4|issn=2090-6560|doi=10.1155/2011/560106}}</ref><ref name="DeZernSekeres2014">{{cite journal|last1=DeZern|first1=A. E.|last2=Sekeres|first2=M. A.|title=The Challenging World of Cytopenias: Distinguishing Myelodysplastic Syndromes From Other Disorders of Marrow Failure|journal=The Oncologist|volume=19|issue=7|year=2014|pages=735–745|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0056}}</ref> The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.<ref name=cancergov>Clinical features of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Common risk factors in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome are past treatment with [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], past exposure to [[tobacco smoke]], [[ionizing radiation]], [[organic chemicals]], and [[heavy metals]].<ref name=cancergov>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/child-liver-treatment-pdq#link/_570_toc. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Myelodysplastic syndrome was first described in 1900 by Leube.<ref name="Nimer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Nimer|first1=S. D.|title=Myelodysplastic syndromes|journal=Blood|volume=111|issue=10|year=2008|pages=4841–4851|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139}}</ref> | Myelodysplastic syndrome was first described in 1900 by Leube.<ref name="Nimer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Nimer|first1=S. D.|title=Myelodysplastic syndromes|journal=Blood|volume=111|issue=10|year=2008|pages=4841–4851|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139}}</ref> | ||
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The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.<ref name=cancergov>Clinical features of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> | The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.<ref name=cancergov>Clinical features of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.<ref name=cancergov>Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015</ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome are past treatment with [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], past exposure to [[tobacco smoke]], [[ionizing radiation]], [[organic chemicals]], and [[heavy metals]].<ref name=cancergov>Risk factors of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/child-liver-treatment-pdq#link/_570_toc. Accessed on December 7, 2015</ref> | |||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
Revision as of 04:21, 14 December 2015
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Myelodysplastic syndrome Microchapters |
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Differentiating Myelodysplastic syndrome from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Myelodysplastic syndrome overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Myelodysplastic syndrome overview |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Myelodysplastic syndrome overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nawal Muazam M.D.[2]
Overview
The myelodysplastic syndromes was first described in 1900 by Leube.[1] Myelodysplastic syndromes may be classified into several subtypes based on French-American-British (FAB) classification and World Health Organization (WHO) classification method.[2][3][4][5] Cytogenetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome include isolated deletion of 5q, monosomy 7, and monosomy 8.[6] Myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with Fanconi syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.[7] There are no characteristic findings of myelodysplastic syndrome on gross pathology. On microscopic histopathological analysis, dyserythropoiesis, dysgranulopoiesis, and dysmegakaryocytopoiesis are findings of myelodysplastic syndrome.[6] The cause of primary myelodysplastic syndrome has not been identified.[3] Common causes of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome include radiation, busulfan, nitrosourea, procarbazine, DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, acquired aplastic anemia, and Fanconi's anemia.[3] Myelodysplastic syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases that cause anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, such as: aplastic anemia, fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, parovirus B19 infection, and vitamin B12 defeciency.[8][9][10] The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[11] Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.[11] Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.[11] Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.[11] Common risk factors in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome are past treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, past exposure to tobacco smoke, ionizing radiation, organic chemicals, and heavy metals.[11]
Historical Perspective
Myelodysplastic syndrome was first described in 1900 by Leube.[1]
Classification
Myelodysplastic syndrome may be classified into several subtypes based on French-American-British (FAB) classification and World Health Organization (WHO) classification method.[2][3][4][5]
Pathophysiology
Cytogenetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome include isolated deletion of 5q, monosomy 7, and monosomy 8.[6] Myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with Fanconi syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.[7] There are no characteristic findings of myelodysplastic syndrome on gross pathology. On microscopic histopathological analysis, dyserythropoiesis, dysgranulopoiesis, and dysmegakaryocytopoiesis are findings of myelodysplastic syndrome.[6]
Causes
The cause of primary myelodysplastic syndrome has not been identified.[3] Common causes of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome include radiation, busulfan, nitrosourea, procarbazine, DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, acquired aplastic anemia, and Fanconi's anemia.[3]
Differentiating Myelodysplastic syndrome from other Diseases
Myelodysplastic syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases that cause anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, such as: aplastic anemia, fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, parovirus B19 infection, and vitamin B12 defeciency.[8][9][10]
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[11] Myelodysplastic syndrome commonly affects older patients.[11] Males are more commonly affected with myelodysplastic syndrome than females.[11] Myelodysplastic syndrome usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.[11]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome are past treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, past exposure to tobacco smoke, ionizing radiation, organic chemicals, and heavy metals.[11]
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and symptoms
Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome include bleeding, easy bruising, and fatigue.[11]
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
CT
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgery
Prevention
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nimer, S. D. (2008). "Myelodysplastic syndromes". Blood. 111 (10): 4841–4851. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-08-078139. ISSN 0006-4971.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Radiopaedia (2015). http://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelodysplastic-syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Pathologic systems of myelodysplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute (2015). http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq/#link/_204_toc. Accessed on December 7, 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 French-American-British (FAB) classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 7, 2015
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 World Health Organization classification of myelodysplastic syndrome. Wikipedia (2015). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome. Accessed on December 8, 2015
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cytogenetics of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Associations of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 8, 2015
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Differential diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Librepathology (2015). http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Myelodysplastic_syndromes. Accessed on December 9, 2015
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Merrill, Andrea L.; Smith, Hedy (2011). "Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmunity: A Case Report of an Unusual Presentation of Myelodysplastic Syndrome". Case Reports in Hematology. 2011: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2011/560106. ISSN 2090-6560.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 DeZern, A. E.; Sekeres, M. A. (2014). "The Challenging World of Cytopenias: Distinguishing Myelodysplastic Syndromes From Other Disorders of Marrow Failure". The Oncologist. 19 (7): 735–745. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0056. ISSN 1083-7159.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 Incidence and mortality of myelodysplastic syndromes. National Cancer Institute 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/hp/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#link/_291_toc. Accessed on December 3, 2015