Cryptococcosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Risk factors for the development of cryptococcal infections are ''individual'' and ''environmental'' and include: | Risk factors for the development of cryptococcal infections are ''individual'' and ''environmental'' and include: | ||
*'''Immunocompromised states''' such as advanced HIV/AIDS (CD4<100 cells/mm), organ transplantation, invasive cancer, and intake of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications.<ref name="pmid25747471">{{cite journal| author=Lin YY, Shiau S, Fang CT| title=Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= e0119090 | pmid=25747471 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119090 | pmc=PMC4352003 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25747471 }} </ref><ref name="cdc1">C. neoformans Infection Risk & Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/risk-prevention.html. Accessed on December 30, 2015.</ref><ref><nowiki><ref name="pmid21291588">{{cite journal| author=MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E| title=Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 193-9 | pmid=21291588 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101020 | pmc=PMC3204768 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291588 }} </ref></ | *'''Immunocompromised states''' such as advanced HIV/AIDS (CD4<100 cells/mm), organ transplantation, invasive cancer, and intake of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications.<ref name="pmid25747471">{{cite journal| author=Lin YY, Shiau S, Fang CT| title=Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= e0119090 | pmid=25747471 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119090 | pmc=PMC4352003 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25747471 }} </ref><ref name="cdc1">C. neoformans Infection Risk & Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/risk-prevention.html. Accessed on December 30, 2015.</ref><ref><nowiki><ref name="pmid21291588">{{cite journal| author=MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E| title=Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 193-9 | pmid=21291588 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101020 | pmc=PMC3204768 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291588 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21291588">{{cite journal| author=MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E| title=Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 193-9 | pmid=21291588 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101020 | pmc=PMC3204768 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291588 }} </ref> | ||
*Cryptococcus is ubiquitous in the environment. But '''inhalational exposure''' to dry bird droppings or guano (excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats) increases the risk of contracting the disease if a patient is immunocompromised. | *Cryptococcus is ubiquitous in the environment. But '''inhalational exposure''' to dry bird droppings or guano (excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats) increases the risk of contracting the disease if a patient is immunocompromised. | ||
*Smoking and outdoor occupations are considered risk factors for inhalational exposure.<ref name="pmid9878030">{{cite journal| author=Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, Baughman W, Hamill R, Graviss E et al.| title=Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 179 | issue= 2 | pages= 449-54 | pmid=9878030 | doi=10.1086/314606 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9878030 }} </ref> | *Smoking and outdoor occupations are considered risk factors for inhalational exposure.<ref name="pmid9878030">{{cite journal| author=Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, Baughman W, Hamill R, Graviss E et al.| title=Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 179 | issue= 2 | pages= 449-54 | pmid=9878030 | doi=10.1086/314606 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9878030 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D.; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors for the development of cryptococcal infections are individual and environmental and include:
- Immunocompromised states such as advanced HIV/AIDS (CD4<100 cells/mm), organ transplantation, invasive cancer, and intake of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications.[1][2]Closing
</ref>missing for<ref>tag[3] - Cryptococcus is ubiquitous in the environment. But inhalational exposure to dry bird droppings or guano (excrement of seabirds, cave-dwelling bats) increases the risk of contracting the disease if a patient is immunocompromised.
- Smoking and outdoor occupations are considered risk factors for inhalational exposure.[4]
References
- ↑ Lin YY, Shiau S, Fang CT (2015). "Risk factors for invasive Cryptococcus neoformans diseases: a case-control study". PLoS One. 10 (3): e0119090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119090. PMC 4352003. PMID 25747471.
- ↑ C. neoformans Infection Risk & Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/risk-prevention.html. Accessed on December 30, 2015.
- ↑ MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Romney M, Starr M, Galanis E (2011). "Risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection, British Columbia, Canada". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (2): 193–9. doi:10.3201/eid1702.101020. PMC 3204768. PMID 21291588.
- ↑ Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, Baughman W, Hamill R, Graviss E; et al. (1999). "Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group". J Infect Dis. 179 (2): 449–54. doi:10.1086/314606. PMID 9878030.