Trichinosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Common cause of trichinosis include Trichinella spiralis. Less common causes of trichinosis include T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, T. papuae, T. nelsoni, T. murrelli, and T. zimbabwensis.

Causes

The classical agent that causes trichinosis is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of Trichinella now recognized, including T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nativa (Arctic bears), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. britovi (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and T. papuae (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).

Species and characteristics:

• T. spiralis: is most adapted to swine, most pathogenic in humans and is cosmopolitan in distribution.
• T. britovi: is the second most common species to infect humans; it is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and northern and western Africa usually in wild boar and domesticated pigs.
• T. nativa: which has a high resistance to freezing, is found in the Arctic and subarctic regions; reservoir hosts include polar bears, Arctic foxes, walruses and other wild game.
• T. pseudospiralis: infects birds and mammals, and has demonstrated infection in humans.
• T. papuae: infects both mammals and reptiles, including crocodiles, humans, and pigs; this species, found in Papua New Guinea and Thailand.
• T. nelsoni: found in eastern Africa, has been documented to cause a few human cases.
• T. murrelli: also infects humans, especially from black bear meat; it is distributed among wild carnivores in North America.
• T. zimbabwensis: can infect mammals and possibly humans; this species was detected in reptiles of Africa.