Trichinosis causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common cause of trichinosis include ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]''. Less common causes of trichinosis include ''T. britovi'', ''T. nativa'', ''T. pseudospiralis'', ''T. papuae'', ''T. nelsoni'', ''T. murrelli'', and ''T. zimbabwensis''.<ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | Common cause of trichinosis include ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]''. Less common causes of trichinosis include ''T. britovi'', ''T. nativa'', ''T. pseudospiralis'', ''T. papuae'', ''T. nelsoni'', ''T. murrelli'', and ''T. zimbabwensis''.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The classical agent that causes trichinosis is ''[[Trichinella spiralis|T. spiralis]]'' (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of [[Trichinella]] now recognized, including ''T. pseudospiralis'' (mammals and birds worldwide), ''T. nativa'' (Arctic bears), ''T. nelsoni'' (African predators and scavengers), ''T. britovi'' (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and ''T. papuae'' (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).<ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | The classical agent that causes trichinosis is ''[[Trichinella spiralis|T. spiralis]]'' (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of [[Trichinella]] now recognized, including ''T. pseudospiralis'' (mammals and birds worldwide), ''T. nativa'' (Arctic bears), ''T. nelsoni'' (African predators and scavengers), ''T. britovi'' (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and ''T. papuae'' (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | ||
Species and characteristics: | Species and characteristics: | ||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" | ||
|+ '''Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of [[Trichinella]] species'''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437 }} </ref><ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | |+ '''Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of [[Trichinella]] species'''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437 }} </ref><ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | ||
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease}} | ! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease}} | ||
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Main Source}} | ! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Main Source}} | ||
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Geographical Distribution}} | ! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Geographical Distribution}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. spiralis'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Swine | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Swine | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Cosmopolitan | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Cosmopolitan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. britovi'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Wild boar, domesticated pigs | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Wild boar, domesticated pigs | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nativa'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center"| Arctic, subarctic regions | | style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center" | Arctic, subarctic regions | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. papuae'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Papua New Guinea, Thailand | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Papua New Guinea, Thailand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nelsoni'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Warthogs, bush pigs | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Warthogs, bush pigs | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Eastern Africa | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eastern Africa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. murrelli'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Black bear | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Black bear | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|North America | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |North America | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. zimbabwensis'' | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa | | style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Life Cycle== | ==Life Cycle== | ||
[[Image:Trichinella_lifecycle.gif|500px|left|thumb|Trichinella life cycle.]] | [[Image:Trichinella_lifecycle.gif|500px|left|thumb|Trichinella life cycle.]] | ||
*Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) (1) of Trichinella. | *Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing [[cysts]] (encysted larvae) (1) of [[Trichinella]]. | ||
*Sylvatic cycle: Pigs become infected when they eat infectious cysts in raw meat, often pork or rats. | *[[Sylvatic]] cycle: Pigs become [[infected]] when they eat infectious [[cysts]] in raw meat, often pork or rats. | ||
*Domestic cycle: Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked infected pork. | *Domestic cycle: Humans become [[infected]] when they eat raw or undercooked [[infected]] pork. | ||
*After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released (2) from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the small bowel: 4 weeks). | *After exposure to [[gastric acid]] and [[pepsin]], the larvae are released (2) from the [[cysts]] and invade the [[small bowel]] [[mucosa]] where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the [[small bowel]]: 4 weeks). | ||
*After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst (5) | *After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated [[muscles]] where they encyst (5). | ||
*Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years. | *Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years. | ||
*Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle. | *Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle. | ||
*Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection. | *Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]] of this [[infection]]. | ||
*Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on infected rodents or meat from other animals. | *Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on [[infected]] rodents or meat from other animals. | ||
*Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of Trichinella. | *Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of [[Trichinella]]. | ||
*Humans are accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).<ref name=a>Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016</ref><ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | *Humans are accidentally [[infected]] when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016</ref><ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:53, 26 January 2016
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Trichinosis Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Common cause of trichinosis include Trichinella spiralis. Less common causes of trichinosis include T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, T. papuae, T. nelsoni, T. murrelli, and T. zimbabwensis.[1]
Causes
The classical agent that causes trichinosis is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of Trichinella now recognized, including T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nativa (Arctic bears), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. britovi (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and T. papuae (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).[1]
Species and characteristics:
| Disease | Main Source | Geographical Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| T. spiralis | Swine | Cosmopolitan |
| T. britovi | Wild boar, domesticated pigs | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa |
| T. nativa | Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses | Arctic, subarctic regions |
| T. papuae | Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles | Papua New Guinea, Thailand |
| T. nelsoni | Warthogs, bush pigs | Eastern Africa |
| T. murrelli | Black bear | North America |
| T. zimbabwensis | Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards | Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa |
Life Cycle
- Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) (1) of Trichinella.
- Sylvatic cycle: Pigs become infected when they eat infectious cysts in raw meat, often pork or rats.
- Domestic cycle: Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked infected pork.
- After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released (2) from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the small bowel: 4 weeks).
- After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst (5).
- Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years.
- Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.
- Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection.
- Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on infected rodents or meat from other animals.
- Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of Trichinella.
- Humans are accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).[3][1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
- ↑ Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016