Trichinosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and demographics== | ==Epidemiology and demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | |||
*Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year. | |||
*During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported to CDC. With an annual average of 15 cases.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
===Mortality=== | |||
*The mortality rate of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.<ref name="pmid17689195">{{cite journal| author=Pozio E| title=World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 149 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 3-21 | pmid=17689195 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17689195 }} </ref> | |||
===Age=== | |||
*Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years old.<ref name="b">Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
*Although infections also occur in children and teenagers, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior. Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, particularly if alcohol is consumed.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230 }} </ref> | |||
===Gender=== | |||
*Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.<ref name="b">Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
===Race=== | |||
*There is no racial predilection to trichinosis. | |||
===Developed Countries=== | |||
*Many cases also come from developed countries in Europe and North America,[clarification needed] where raw or undercooked pork and wild game may be consumed as delicacies.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
*In the US and EU, the overall number of cases reported has decreased because of improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products. The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid19136437">{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16039781">{{cite journal| author=Kapel CM| title=Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2005 | volume= 132 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 189-94 | pmid=16039781 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16039781 }} </ref> | |||
===Developing Countries=== | |||
*It is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
*In South America, the cases in Argentina may be related to the European origins of persons immigrating there and the risky food behavior they brought with them. Although incidence data from Mexico and Argentina are limited, trichinellosis outbreaks are reported frequently in Argentina from domestic pork, indicating that a substantial pig husbandry risk persists in that country. | |||
*In Asia, most of the outbreaks were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, occurred in the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 17:20, 28 January 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year.
- During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported to CDC. With an annual average of 15 cases.[1]
Mortality
- The mortality rate of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.[2]
Age
- Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years old.[3]
- Although infections also occur in children and teenagers, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior. Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, particularly if alcohol is consumed.[4]
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.[3]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to trichinosis.
Developed Countries
- Many cases also come from developed countries in Europe and North America,[clarification needed] where raw or undercooked pork and wild game may be consumed as delicacies.[5]
- In the US and EU, the overall number of cases reported has decreased because of improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products. The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.[1][6][7]
Developing Countries
- It is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked.[5]
- In South America, the cases in Argentina may be related to the European origins of persons immigrating there and the risky food behavior they brought with them. Although incidence data from Mexico and Argentina are limited, trichinellosis outbreaks are reported frequently in Argentina from domestic pork, indicating that a substantial pig husbandry risk persists in that country.
- In Asia, most of the outbreaks were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, occurred in the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Pozio E (2007). "World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans". Vet Parasitol. 149 (1–2): 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002. PMID 17689195.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Murrell KD, Pozio E (2011). "Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (12): 2194–202. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110896. PMC 3311199. PMID 22172230.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
- ↑ Kapel CM (2005). "Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology". Vet Parasitol. 132 (1–2): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055. PMID 16039781.