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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
===Initial Discovery=== | ===Initial Discovery=== | ||
*''Histoplasma capsulatum'' was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling, an American pathologist, during his work in the Panama Canal Zone.<ref name="pmid17738786">{{cite journal| author=Hegner RW| title=SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925. | journal=Science | year= 1925 | volume= 62 | issue= 1593 | pages= 23-4 | pmid=17738786 | doi=10.1126/science.62.1593.23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17738786 }} </ref> | *''Histoplasma capsulatum'' was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling, an American [[pathologist]], during his work in the Panama Canal Zone.<ref name="pmid17738786">{{cite journal| author=Hegner RW| title=SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925. | journal=Science | year= 1925 | volume= 62 | issue= 1593 | pages= 23-4 | pmid=17738786 | doi=10.1126/science.62.1593.23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17738786 }} </ref> | ||
*Before Darling's discovery, the disease was unknown. | *Before Darling's discovery, the disease was unknown. | ||
*He observed an organism in a in patient's autopsy material that resembled Leishmania that he, at the time, falsely identified as a protozoan. | *He observed an [[organism]] in a in patient's [[autopsy]] material that resembled [[Leishmania]] that he, at the time, falsely identified as a [[protozoan]]. | ||
*The patient died of a generalized disease associated with hepatosplenomegaly and anemia, a syndrome similar to the findings of Leishman and Donovan. | *The patient died of a generalized disease associated with [[hepatosplenomegaly]] and [[anemia]], a syndrome similar to the findings of [[Leishmaniais|Leishman]] and [[Donovanosis|Donovan]]. | ||
*Despite his very crude equipment by modern standards, Darling was able to identify these "plasmodium-like" organisms in histiocytes, hence coining the name ''Histoplasma''. | *Despite his very crude equipment by modern standards, Darling was able to identify these "[[plasmodium]]-like" organisms in [[histiocytes]], hence coining the name ''Histoplasma''. | ||
*The term "capsulatum" stemmed from Darling's false assumption that the organism has a capsule.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | *The term "capsulatum" stemmed from Darling's false assumption that the organism has a [[capsule]].<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | ||
===Reclassification=== | ===Reclassification=== | ||
*In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian tropical disease specialist, reported findings from a comparison between Leishmania and Histoplasma and concluded that Histoplasma more closely resembled a yeast than a protozoan. | *In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian [[tropical disease]] specialist, reported findings from a comparison between [[Leishmania]] and Histoplasma and concluded that Histoplasma more closely resembled a [[yeast]] than a [[protozoan]]. | ||
*Up until the early 1940s, histoplasmosis was considered a fatal tropical disease not prevalent in the United States. | *Up until the early 1940s, histoplasmosis was considered a fatal [[tropical disease]] not prevalent in the United States. | ||
*Dr. Charles E. Smith was the first person to suggest that the rise in pulmonary calcifications in patients with a negative tuberculin test could be due to Histoplama.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | *Dr. Charles E. Smith was the first person to suggest that the rise in [[pulmonary]] [[Calcification|calcifications]] in patients with a negative [[tuberculin test]] could be due to Histoplama.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | ||
===Isolation and Culture=== | ===Isolation and Culture=== | ||
*In 1928, Dr. Edna H. Tompkins identified the first case of histoplasmosis in a living patient's blood smear. | *In 1928, Dr. Edna H. Tompkins identified the first case of histoplasmosis in a living patient's [[blood smear]]. | ||
*In 1933, Dr. William A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University became the first person to successfully culture ''H. capsulatum'' species from the same patient identified by Dr. Tompkins. | *In 1933, Dr. William A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University became the first person to successfully culture ''H. capsulatum'' species from the same patient identified by Dr. Tompkins. | ||
*Dr. DeMonbreun also fulfilled Koch's postulates after he injected the culture material into animals. | *Dr. DeMonbreun also fulfilled [[Koch's postulates]] after he injected the culture material into animals. | ||
*He also suggested that the disease may not be as low in prevalence as initially hypothesized due to mild cases and carrier forms. | *He also suggested that the disease may not be as low in [[prevalence]] as initially hypothesized due to mild cases and carrier forms. | ||
*In 1948, Dr. Chester W. Emmons isolated and cultured ''H.capsulatum'' from a soil sample for the first time.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | *In 1948, Dr. Chester W. Emmons isolated and cultured ''H.capsulatum'' from a soil sample for the first time.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 15:26, 1 February 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D.; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Initial Discovery
- Histoplasma capsulatum was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling, an American pathologist, during his work in the Panama Canal Zone.[1]
- Before Darling's discovery, the disease was unknown.
- He observed an organism in a in patient's autopsy material that resembled Leishmania that he, at the time, falsely identified as a protozoan.
- The patient died of a generalized disease associated with hepatosplenomegaly and anemia, a syndrome similar to the findings of Leishman and Donovan.
- Despite his very crude equipment by modern standards, Darling was able to identify these "plasmodium-like" organisms in histiocytes, hence coining the name Histoplasma.
- The term "capsulatum" stemmed from Darling's false assumption that the organism has a capsule.[2]
Reclassification
- In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian tropical disease specialist, reported findings from a comparison between Leishmania and Histoplasma and concluded that Histoplasma more closely resembled a yeast than a protozoan.
- Up until the early 1940s, histoplasmosis was considered a fatal tropical disease not prevalent in the United States.
- Dr. Charles E. Smith was the first person to suggest that the rise in pulmonary calcifications in patients with a negative tuberculin test could be due to Histoplama.[2]
Isolation and Culture
- In 1928, Dr. Edna H. Tompkins identified the first case of histoplasmosis in a living patient's blood smear.
- In 1933, Dr. William A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University became the first person to successfully culture H. capsulatum species from the same patient identified by Dr. Tompkins.
- Dr. DeMonbreun also fulfilled Koch's postulates after he injected the culture material into animals.
- He also suggested that the disease may not be as low in prevalence as initially hypothesized due to mild cases and carrier forms.
- In 1948, Dr. Chester W. Emmons isolated and cultured H.capsulatum from a soil sample for the first time.[2]
Histoplasmosis in Popular Culture
- Johnny Cash included a reference to the disease, even correctly noting its source in bird droppings, in the song "Beans for Breakfast".
- Bob Dylan was hospitalized due to histoplasmosis in 1997, causing the cancellation of concerts in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
- In the episode Family, episode 21 of season 3 of the television show 'House, M.D.' a patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis.
References
- ↑ Hegner RW (1925). "SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925". Science. 62 (1593): 23–4. doi:10.1126/science.62.1593.23. PMID 17738786.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J (1957). "The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956". N Engl J Med. 256 (6): 253–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM195702072560605. PMID 13400245.