Brucella: Difference between revisions

Brucella
	;
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria;
Phylum:	Proteobacteria;
Class:	Alpha Proteobacteria;
Order:	Rhizobiales;
Family:	Brucellaceae;
Genus:	Brucella;
Species
	B. abortus; B. canis; B. melitensis; B. neotomae; B. ovis; B. suis;

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Revision as of 16:33, 2 February 2016

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s). For clinical aspects of the disease, see brucellosis.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.^[1] They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-motile, encapsulated coccobacilli.

Causes

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.^[1] They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-motile, encapsulated coccobacilli.
Brucella is the cause of brucellosis, a true zoonotic disease (i.e. human-to-human transmission has not been identified).^[1]
It is transmitted by ingesting infected food, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.
Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 - 100 organisms.
Brucellosis primarily occurs through occupational exposure (e.g. exposure to cattle, sheep, pigs), but also by consumption of unpasteurised milk products.
Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.
- B. abortus is less virulent than B. melitensis and is primarily a disease of cattle.
- B. canis affects dogs.
- B. melitensis is the most virulent and invasive species; it usually infects goats and occasionally sheep.
- B. suis is of intermediate virulence and chiefly infects pigs.

Brucella species have been found primarily in mammals:

**Brucellae Species and Host**^[2]
Species	Host
B. melitensis	Goats, sheep
B. abortus	Cattle
B. canis	Dogs
B. suis	Pigs
B. ovis	Sheep
B. neotomae	Desert woodrat
B. pinnipedialis	Seal
B. ceti	Dolphin, porpoise, whale
B. microti	Common vole
B. inopinata	Unknown
Brucella sp. NVSL 07-0026	Baboon

Oxidase and catalase tests are positive for most members of the genus Brucella:

**Brucellae Species and Host**^[2]
Test	B. melitensis	B. abortus	B. suis	B. neotomae	B. ovis	B. canis
Need to CO2	-	+	-	-	+	-
Production of H2S	-	+	+	+	-	-
Growth on basic fushin 0.002%	+	+	-	-	+	-
Growth on thionin 0.004%	-	-	+	-	+	+
Growth on thionin 0.002%	+	-	+	+	+	+
Destroy with Tb phage	-	+	-	-	-	-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Brucella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella#Characteristics. Accessed on February 2, 2016

Template:WS

[Sherris-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[b-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Brucella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella#Characteristics. Accessed on February 2, 2016

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 '''''Brucella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium|bacteria]].<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-[[motile]], encapsulated [[coccobacillus|coccobacilli]].
-''Brucella'' is the cause of [[brucellosis]], a true [[zoonosis|zoonotic]] disease (i.e. human-to-human transmission has not been identified).<ref name=Sherris /> It is transmitted by ingesting infected food, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.  Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 - 100 organisms. [[Brucellosis]] primarily occurs through occupational exposure (e.g. exposure to cattle, sheep, pigs), but also by consumption of unpasteurised milk products.
+==Causes==
+*'''''Brucella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium|bacteria]].<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-[[motile]], encapsulated [[coccobacillus|coccobacilli]].
+*''Brucella'' is the cause of [[brucellosis]], a true [[zoonosis|zoonotic]] disease (i.e. human-to-human transmission has not been identified).<ref name=Sherris />
+*It is transmitted by ingesting infected food, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.
+*Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 - 100 organisms.
+*[[Brucellosis]] primarily occurs through occupational exposure (e.g. exposure to cattle, sheep, pigs), but also by consumption of unpasteurised milk products.
+*Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.
+**B. abortus is less virulent than B. melitensis and is primarily a disease of cattle.
+**B. canis affects dogs.
+**B. melitensis is the most virulent and invasive species; it usually infects goats and occasionally sheep.
+**B. suis is of intermediate virulence and chiefly infects pigs.
-There are a few different species of ''Brucella'', each with a slightly different presentation, such as B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis and B. citicosis.
+Brucella species have been found primarily in mammals:
+{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
+|+ '''Brucellae Species and Host'''<ref name=b>Brucella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella#Characteristics. Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref>
+! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Species}}
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Host}}
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''B. melitensis''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Goats, sheep
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''B. abortus''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Cattle
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''B. canis''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center" | Dogs
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''B. suis''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Pigs
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''B. ovis''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Sheep
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''B. neotomae''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Desert woodrat
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''B. pinnipedialis''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Seal
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''B. ceti''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Dolphin, porpoise, whale
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''B. microti''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Common vole
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''B. inopinata''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Unknown
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''Brucella sp. NVSL 07-0026''
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Baboon
+|-
+|}
-==Laboratory isolation==
+Oxidase and catalase tests are positive for most members of the genus Brucella:
-''Brucella'' are slow-growing, but may be isolated from normal blood cultures using standard media.  In traditional blood culture media, prolonged incubation (up to 6 weeks) may be required, but on modern automated machines the cultures often come positive within seven days.  On [[Gram stain]] they appear as dense clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli and are exceedingly difficult to see.
+{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
+|+ '''Brucellae Species and Host'''<ref name=b>Brucella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella#Characteristics. Accessed on February 2, 2016</ref>
-Laboratory acquired brucellosis is common.<ref name=Robichaud_2004>{{cite journal |author=Robichaud S, Libman M, Behr M, Rubin E |title=Prevention of laboratory-acquired brucellosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=e119-22 |year=2004 |pmid=15227634 |doi=10.1086/421024}}</ref>  This most often happens when the disease is not thought of until cultures become positive, by which time the specimens have already been handled by a number of laboratory staff.  The idea of preventative treatment is to stop people who have been exposed to ''Brucella'' from becoming unwell with the disease.
+! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Test}}
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. melitensis'' }}
-There are no clinical trials to be relied on as a guide for optimal treatment, but a three week course of [[rifampicin]] and [[doxycycline]] twice daily is the combination most often used, and appears to be efficacious;<ref name=Robichaud_2004 /><ref name="Maley2006">{{cite journal |author=Maley MW, Kociuba K, Chan RC |title=Prevention of laboratory-acquired brucellosis: significant side effects of prophylaxis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=433-4 |year=2006 |pmid=16392095 |doi=10.1086/499112}}</ref> the advantage of this regimen is that it can be taken by mouth and there are no injections, however, a high rate of side effects (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite) has also been reported.<ref name="Maley2006"/>
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. abortus'' }}
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. suis'' }}
-==Blue light study==
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. neotomae'' }}
-In a study published in ''Science'' magazine in August of 2007, it was revealed that ''Brucella'' reacts strongly to the presence of the blue spectrum in natural light, reproducing at a great rate and becoming infectious.  Conversely, depriving ''Brucella'' of the blue wavelengths dropped its reproductive rate by 90%, a result one of the co-authors called "spectacular."<!-- presumably with no pun intended.--><ref name="SciNEWS">[http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/823/2 "Deadly in the Daylight"] August 23, 2007 in ''ScienceNOW Daily News''.  Accessed September 8, 2007.</ref><ref name="SCIENCE">[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/317/5841/1090 "Blue-Light-Activated Histidine Kinases: Two-Component Sensors in Bacteria
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. ovis'' }}
-"], August 24 2007, ''Science'' Vol. 317:5841, pp. 1090 - 1093  Accessed September 8, 2007.</ref>
+! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| ''B. canis'' }}
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Need to CO2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Production of H2S
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Growth on basic fushin 0.002%
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Growth on thionin 0.004%
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Growth on thionin 0.002%
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+|-
+| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Destroy with Tb phage
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | -
+|-
+|}
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-* [http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/zoonoses/brucellosis/menu.htm Brucellosis]
-*[http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Brucella&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search Brucella Genome Projects] (from [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database])
-*[http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Brucella Comparative Analysis of Brucella Genomes] (at [[United_States_Department_of_Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated_Microbial_Genomes_System|IMG system]])
-*[http://bbp.hegroup.org/ Brucella Bioinformatics Portal]
 [[Category:Rhizobiales]]

Brucella: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:33, 2 February 2016

Overview

Causes

References

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