Brucellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, but brucellosis can be very common within countries that do not have good standardized and effective [[public health]] and domestic [[Animals|animal]] health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name=" | Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, but brucellosis can be very common within countries that do not have good standardized and effective [[public health]] and domestic [[Animals|animal]] health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name="c">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
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*The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] in different [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals. | *The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] in different [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals. | ||
*The low [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] reported in known brucellosis-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting.<ref name="pmid9204307">{{cite journal| author=Corbel MJ| title=Brucellosis: an overview. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 213-21 | pmid=9204307 | doi=10.3201/eid0302.970219 | pmc=PMC2627605 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204307 }} </ref> | *The low [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] reported in known brucellosis-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting.<ref name="pmid9204307">{{cite journal| author=Corbel MJ| title=Brucellosis: an overview. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 213-21 | pmid=9204307 | doi=10.3201/eid0302.970219 | pmc=PMC2627605 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204307 }} </ref> | ||
*Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name=" | *Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name="c">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref> | ||
===Case Fatality Rate=== | ===Case Fatality Rate=== | ||
*The [[case fatality rate]] of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated.<ref name=" | *The [[case fatality rate]] of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated.<ref name="ccc">Brucelosis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/disease-reporting/guide/brucellosis.pdf. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref> | ||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
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===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
*Dairy herds in the USA to be certified brucellosis-free are tested at least once a year with the Brucella milk ring test. Many countries such as the US have good surveillance programs. | *Dairy herds in the USA to be certified brucellosis-free are tested at least once a year with the Brucella milk ring test. Many countries such as the US have good surveillance programs. | ||
*Australia, Canada, France, Belgium, Germany, and many other countries are considered to be brucellosis-free.<ref name=" | *Australia, Canada, France, Belgium, Germany, and many other countries are considered to be brucellosis-free.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref> | ||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
*Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] or monitor possible outbreaks, such as [[pasteurization]] laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and brucellosis surveillance programs.<ref name=" | *Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] or monitor possible outbreaks, such as [[pasteurization]] laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and brucellosis surveillance programs.<ref name="c">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref> | ||
Revision as of 19:33, 5 February 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac
Overview
Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, but brucellosis can be very common within countries that do not have good standardized and effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence in different endemic countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals.
- The low incidence reported in known brucellosis-endemic areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting.[2]
- Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.[1]
Case Fatality Rate
- The case fatality rate of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated.[3]
Age
- Brucellosis most commonly affects individuals 20 and 45 years old.[4]
Gender
Race
- There is no racial predilection to brucellosis.
Developed Countries
- Dairy herds in the USA to be certified brucellosis-free are tested at least once a year with the Brucella milk ring test. Many countries such as the US have good surveillance programs.
- Australia, Canada, France, Belgium, Germany, and many other countries are considered to be brucellosis-free.[5]
Developing Countries
- Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and brucellosis surveillance programs.[1]
Reference
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016
- ↑ Corbel MJ (1997). "Brucellosis: an overview". Emerg Infect Dis. 3 (2): 213–21. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970219. PMC 2627605. PMID 9204307.
- ↑ Brucelosis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/disease-reporting/guide/brucellosis.pdf. Accessed on February 3, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016
- ↑ Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 3, 2016