Dermacentor variabilis: Difference between revisions

style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"\|Dermacentor variabilis
style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" \| Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia;
Phylum:	Arthropoda;
Class:	Arachnida;
Subclass:	Acari;
Superorder:	Parasitiformes;
Order:	Ixodida;
Family:	Ixodidae;
Genus:	Dermacentor;
Species:	D. variabilis;
Binomial name
	Dermacentor variabilis; (Say, 1821)
	Normal range in red; other reports in blue; Normal range in red; other reports in blue

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Revision as of 16:11, 12 February 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or Wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (Francisella tularensis). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms.

Transmitted Diseases

D. variabilis may be exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease,^[1] these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of this disease.^[2]^[3]^[4] The primary vector for Borrelia burgdorferi is the deer tick Ixodes scapularis in Eastern parts of the United States, and Ixodes pacificus in California and Oregon. Dermacentor variabilis may also carry Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).^[1]

Dermacentor ticks may also induce tick paralysis by elaboration of a neurotoxin that induces rapidly progressive flaccid quadriparesis similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome. The neurotoxin prevents presynaptic release of acetylcholine from neuromuscular junctions.

Bibliography

Piesman J, Sinsky RJ (September 1988). "Ability to Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)". J. Med. Entomol. 25 (5): 336–9. doi:10.1093/jmedent/25.5.336. PMID 3193425.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung (2003). "Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California". J. Med. Entomol. 40 (4): 534–9. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534. PMID 14680123.
↑ Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ (1997). "Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae)". J. Med. Entomol. 34 (4): 451–6. doi:10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451. PMID 9220680.
↑ F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver (1995). "Evaluation of Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi". J. Med. Entomol. 32 (4): 402–426. doi:10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402. PMID 7650697.
↑ Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy (1992). "Attempted transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum". J. Med. Entomol. 29 (4): 673–7. doi:10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673. PMID 1495078.

External links

Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
Illinois photographs
Iowa tick images
Dealing with dog ticks
American dog tick on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

Gallery

Common name: American dog tick
Scientific name: Dermacentor variabilis
Reservoir: small rodents (larvae and nymphs); dogs and mammals (adult ticks)
Geographic distribution: Rocky Mountains, Pacific Coast
Disease transmitted: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia

American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
Adapted from CDC
Approximate distribution of the American Dog tick
Adapted from CDC

[Holden-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung (2003). "Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California". J. Med. Entomol. 40 (4): 534–9. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534. PMID 14680123.

[2] Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ (1997). "Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae)". J. Med. Entomol. 34 (4): 451–6. doi:10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451. PMID 9220680.

[3] F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver (1995). "Evaluation of Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi". J. Med. Entomol. 32 (4): 402–426. doi:10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402. PMID 7650697.

[4] Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy (1992). "Attempted transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum". J. Med. Entomol. 29 (4): 673–7. doi:10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673. PMID 1495078.

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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 '''''Dermacentor variabilis''''', also known as the '''American dog tick''' or '''Wood tick''', is a species of [[tick]] that is known to carry [[bacteria]] responsible for several diseases in humans, including [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]] and [[tularemia]] (''Francisella tularensis''). It is one of the most well-known [[hard tick]]s. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms.
-Though ''D. variabilis'' may be exposed to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref name="Holden">{{cite journal |author=Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung |year=2003 |title=Detection of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', ''Ehrlichia chaffeensis'', and ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=534–9 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534 |pmid=14680123}}</ref> these ticks are not competent [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] for the transmission of this disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ |year=1997 |title=Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=451–6 |pmid=9220680 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1997/00000034/00000004/art00012 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''Amblyomma americanum'', and ''Dermacentor variabilis'' (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=402–426 |pmid=7650697 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1995/00000032/00000004/art00002 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy |year=1992 |title=Attempted transmission of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by ''Ixodes scapularis'' (Acari: Ixodidae), ''Dermacentor variabilis'', and Amblyomma ''americanum'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=673–7 |pmid=1495078 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1992/00000029/00000004/art00016 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673}}</ref> The primary vector for ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' is the deer tick ''[[Ixodes scapularis]]'' in Eastern parts of the United States, and ''[[Ixodes pacificus]]'' in California and Oregon. ''Dermacentor variabilis'' may also carry ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and ''[[Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]'', the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).<ref name="Holden"/>
+==Transmitted Diseases==
+*''D. variabilis'' may be exposed to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', the causative agent of [[Lyme disease]],<ref name="Holden">{{cite journal |author=Kevin Holden, John T. Boothby, Sulekha Anand & Robert F. Massung |year=2003 |title=Detection of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', ''Ehrlichia chaffeensis'', and ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=534–9 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534 |pmid=14680123}}</ref> these ticks are not competent [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] for the transmission of this disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joseph Piesman & Christine M. Happ |year=1997 |title=Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari:Ixodidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=451–6 |pmid=9220680 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1997/00000034/00000004/art00012 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/34.4.451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=F. H. Sanders & J. H. Oliver |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''Amblyomma americanum'', and ''Dermacentor variabilis'' (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=402–426 |pmid=7650697 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1995/00000032/00000004/art00002 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/32.4.402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stanley W. Mukolwe, A. Alan Kocan, Robert W. Barker, Katherine M. Kocan & George L. Murphy |year=1992 |title=Attempted transmission of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) (JDI strain) by ''Ixodes scapularis'' (Acari: Ixodidae), ''Dermacentor variabilis'', and Amblyomma ''americanum'' |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=673–7 |pmid=1495078 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1992/00000029/00000004/art00016 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/29.4.673}}</ref> The primary vector for ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' is the deer tick ''[[Ixodes scapularis]]'' in Eastern parts of the United States, and ''[[Ixodes pacificus]]'' in California and Oregon. ''Dermacentor variabilis'' may also carry ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and ''[[Ehrlichia chaffeensis]]'', the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).<ref name="Holden"/>
 ''Dermacentor'' ticks may also induce [[tick paralysis]] by elaboration of a neurotoxin that induces rapidly progressive [[flaccid paralysis|flaccid quadriparesis]] similar to [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]. The neurotoxin prevents presynaptic release of acetylcholine from [[neuromuscular junctions]].