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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Traveler's diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by either bacteria (most common), viruses, or protoza. The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is enterotoxigenic ''E. coli'' (ETEC), which is responsible for approoximately 80% of all cases. Other common bacterial causes include other ''E. coli'' strains, ''Campylobacter'', ''Shigella'', and ''Salmonella''. Common viral causes include norovirus, rotavirus, or astrovirus infection. Common protozoal causes include ''Giardia'', ''Entamoeba histolytica'', and ''Cryptoosporidium''. | | Traveler's diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by either bacteria (most common), viruses, or protoza. The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is enterotoxigenic ''E. coli'' (ETEC), which is responsible for up to 80% of all cases. Other common bacterial causes include other ''E. coli'' strains, ''Campylobacter'', ''Shigella'', and ''Salmonella''. Common viral causes include norovirus, rotavirus, or astrovirus infection. Common protozoal causes include ''Giardia'', ''Entamoeba histolytica'', and ''Cryptoosporidium''. |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Traveler's diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by either bacteria (most common), viruses, or protoza. The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which is responsible for up to 80% of all cases. Other common bacterial causes include other E. coli strains, Campylobacter, Shigella, and Salmonella. Common viral causes include norovirus, rotavirus, or astrovirus infection. Common protozoal causes include Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptoosporidium.
Causes
- The most common causative agent associated with traveler's diarrhea is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).
- In infants and children, it is estimated that nearly 70% of diarrhea is due to viruses.
Common causes of traveler's diarrhea are shown below:
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Gangrene, kawasaki disease, superior mesenteric artery occlusion, organophosphates,abetalipoproteinaemia, viral haemorrhagic fever, autonomic neuropathy, selenium
|
| Chemical / poisoning
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dermatologic
|
Kawasaki disease, mercury, pellagra, celiac disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, systemic sclerosis, Degos' disease, kwashiorkor
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
No underlying causes
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
|
Autoimmune adrenalitis, glucagonoma, hyperthyroidism, selenium
|
| Environmental
|
Arsenicals, carbon monoxide toxicity, organophosphates
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
Superior mesenteric artery occlusion, organophosphates, glucagonoma, bacterial overgrowth of small intestine, bile acid malabsorption syndrome,Brainerd diarrhea, celiac disease, cholestatic jaundice, collagenous colitis, colonic villous adenomata, colorectal cancer, crohn disease, faecal impaction, faecal incontinence, graft versus host disease, hirschsprung disease, intususception of intestine, irritable bowel syndrome, Large bowel obstruction, Laxative abuse, Lymphocytic colitis, Malabsorption syndrome, Postgastrectomy syndrome, protein losing enteropathy,short bowel syndrome, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, ulcerative colitis, acrodermatitis enteropathica, lactase deficiency, abetalipoproteinaemia,meckel diverticulitis, pernicious anaemia, bacillary dysentery, bacillus cereus, campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, entamoeba histolytica, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, escherichia coli, giardia lamblia, isosporiasis, legionella pneumophila, trichuriasis, tropical sprue, systemic sclerosis, whipple disease, autonomic neuropathy, Degos' disease, kwashiorkor
|
| Genetic
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Pancreatitis, chronic, acrodermatitis enteropathica, iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency, lactase deficiency, Rapadilino syndrome
|
| Hematologic
|
Celiac disease, abetalipoproteinaemia, meckel diverticulitis, pernicious anaemia, viral haemorrhagic fever, entamoeba histolytica,HIV-1 disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, somatostatinoma
|
| Iatrogenic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Bacillus cereus, balantidiasis, campylobacter jejuni, capillaria, clostridium welchii, cryptosporidiosis,cyclospora cayetanensis, cyclosporiasis, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, dientamoeba fragilis, dysentery, entamoeba histolytica, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, escherichia coli, giardia lamblia, HIV-1 disease, hymenolepiasis, isosporiasis, legionella pneumophila, microsporidiasis,penicillium marneffei, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, pseudomembranous colitis, rotavirus, salmonella, sapporo-like virus, shigellosis, small round structured virus, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus suis, strongyloidiasis, trichinella spiralis,trichuriasis, tropical sprue, typhoid fever, vibrio parahaemolyticus, visceral leishmaniasis, yersinia enterocolitica, adenovirus
|
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
|
Rapadilino syndrome, Viral haemorrhagic fever, Dengue fever, Systemic sclerosis, Whipple disease
|
| Neurologic
|
Mercury, pellagra, hirschsprung disease, pernicious anaemia, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, autonomic neuropathy, Degos' disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, vitamin B12 deficiency, zinc deficiency
|
| Nutritional / Metabolic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Oncologic
|
Colorectal cancer, large bowel obstruction, small bowel lymphoma, somatostatinoma
|
| Opthalmologic
|
Hyperthyroidism, adenovirus
|
| Overdose / Toxicity
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Arsenicals, carbon monoxide toxicity, mercury, organophosphates, pancreatitis, chronic, paraquat, thallium
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| Psychiatric
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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| Pulmonary
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Systemic sclerosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome
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| Renal / Electrolyte
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Autoimmune adrenalitis, laxative abuse, legionella pneumophila, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, systemic sclerosis
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| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
|
No underlying causes
|
| Sexual
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HIV-1 disease, zinc deficiency
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| Trauma
|
Pancreatitis, chronic
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| Urologic
|
Organophosphates, malakoplakia
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| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Brainerd diarrhea, complement 5 deficiency, copper salts, functional disorders
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
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