Myelofibrosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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===Sites of Hematopoiesis=== | ===Sites of Hematopoiesis=== | ||
The principal site of [[extramedullary hematopoiesis]] in myelofibrosis is the [[spleen]], which is usually markedly enlarged, sometimes weighing as much as 4000 g.<ref name=causesofmyelofibrosis1wiki1>Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016</ref> As a result of massive [[splenomegaly]], multiple subcapsular [[Splenic infarction|infarcts]] often occur in the spleen, meaning that oxygen supply to the spleen is interrupted, leading to partial or complete tissue death. Histologically, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, [[granulocyte]] precursors, and [[megakaryocyte]]s, with the megokarycytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition. Sometimes unusual activity of the [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, or [[platelet]]s is also observed.<ref name=causesofmyelofibrosis1wiki1>Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016</ref> | The principal site of [[extramedullary hematopoiesis]] in myelofibrosis is the [[spleen]], which is usually markedly enlarged, sometimes weighing as much as 4000 g.<ref name=causesofmyelofibrosis1wiki1>Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016</ref> As a result of massive [[splenomegaly]], multiple subcapsular [[Splenic infarction|infarcts]] often occur in the spleen, meaning that oxygen supply to the spleen is interrupted, leading to partial or complete tissue death. Histologically, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, [[granulocyte]] precursors, and [[megakaryocyte]]s, with the megokarycytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition. Sometimes unusual activity of the [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, or [[platelet]]s is also observed.<ref name=causesofmyelofibrosis1wiki1>Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016</ref> The liver is often moderately enlarged, with foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Microscopically, lymph nodes also contain foci of hematopoiesis, but these are insufficient to cause enlargement. There are also reports of hematopoiesis taking place in the [[lungs]]. These cases are associated with [[pulmonary arterial hypertension|hypertension in the pulmonary arteries]]. The [[bone marrow]] in a typical case is hypercellular and diffusely [[fibrotic]]. Both early and late in disease, megakaryocytes are often prominent and are usually [[dysplastic]].<ref name=causesofmyelofibrosis1wiki1>Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016</ref> | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [2]
Overview
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis include JAK2, CALR, and MPL.[1]
Pathogenesis
Myelofibrosis is a clonal neoplastic disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cellular components.[2] It is one of the myleoproliferative disorders, diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced. Production of cytokines, such as fibroblast growth factor by the abnormal hematopoietic cell clone (particularly by megakaryocytes, leads to replacement of the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow by connective tissue via collagen fibrosis. The decrease in hematopoietic tissue impairs the patient's ability to generate new blood cells, resulting in progressive pancytopenia, a shortage of all blood cell types. However, the proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen is a secondary phenomenon, and the fibroblasts themselves are not part of the abnormal cell clone. In primary myelofibrosis, progressive scarring, or fibrosis, of the bone marrow occurs, for the reasons outlined above. The result is extramedullary hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation occurring in sites other than the bone marrow, as the hemopoetic cells are forced to migrate to other areas, particularly the liver and spleen.[2] This causes an enlargement of these organs. In the liver, the condition is called hepatomegaly. Enlargement of the spleen is called splenomegaly, which also contributes to causing pancytopenia, particurly thrombocytopenia and anemia. Another complication of extramedullary hematopoiesis is poikilocytosis, or the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells. Myelofibrosis can be a late complication of other myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, and less commonly, essential thrombocythaemia. In these cases, myelofibrosis occurs as a result of somatic evolution of the abnormal hematopoietic stem cell clone that caused the original disorder. In some cases, the development of myelofibrosis following these disorders may be accelerated by the oral chemotherapy drug hydroxyurea.[2]
Sites of Hematopoiesis
The principal site of extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis is the spleen, which is usually markedly enlarged, sometimes weighing as much as 4000 g.[2] As a result of massive splenomegaly, multiple subcapsular infarcts often occur in the spleen, meaning that oxygen supply to the spleen is interrupted, leading to partial or complete tissue death. Histologically, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, granulocyte precursors, and megakaryocytes, with the megokarycytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition. Sometimes unusual activity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets is also observed.[2] The liver is often moderately enlarged, with foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Microscopically, lymph nodes also contain foci of hematopoiesis, but these are insufficient to cause enlargement. There are also reports of hematopoiesis taking place in the lungs. These cases are associated with hypertension in the pulmonary arteries. The bone marrow in a typical case is hypercellular and diffusely fibrotic. Both early and late in disease, megakaryocytes are often prominent and are usually dysplastic.[2]
Genetics
- Development of myelofibrosis is the result of multiple genetic mutations.[2]
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis include:[1][3][4]
- Approximately 90% of those with myelofibrosis have one of these mutations. These mutations are not specific to myelofibrosis, and are linked to other myeloproliferative disorders, specifically essential thrombocythemia.[2]
- The V617F mutation to the JAK2 protein is found in approximately half of individuals with primary myelofibrosis. The V617F mutation is a change of valine to phenylalanine at the 617 position. Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases essential for the activation of signaling that is mediated by cytokine receptors lacking catalytic activity. These include receptors for erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, most interleukins and interferon. JAK2 mutations are significant because JAK2 plays a role in controlling production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. The V617F mutation appears to make hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors that need JAK2 for signal transduction, which include erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.[2]
- The MPL gene codes for a protein that acts as a receptor for thrombopoietin. A mutation in that gene, known as a W515 mutation, leads to the production of an abnormal thrombopoietin receptor protein, which results in the overproduction of abnormal megakaryocytes. The abnormal megakaryocytes stimulate other cells, the fibroblasts, to produce collagen in the bone marrow.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tefferi, A; Lasho, T L; Finke, C M; Knudson, R A; Ketterling, R; Hanson, C H; Maffioli, M; Caramazza, D; Passamonti, F; Pardanani, A (2014). "CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons". Leukemia. 28 (7): 1472–1477. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.3. ISSN 0887-6924.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Causes of myelofibrosis. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelofibrosis. Accessed on March 7, 2016
- ↑ Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ; et al. (2005). "Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders". Lancet. 365 (9464): 1054–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9. PMID 15781101.
- ↑ Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T; et al. (2006). "MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". PLoS Med. 3 (7): e270. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270. PMC 1502153. PMID 16834459. Unknown parameter
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