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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices. Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases. Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries. It is thought that the prevalence of ''E. dispar'' is much higher than that of ''E. histolytica'', but ''E. dispar'' is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by ''E. dispar''. Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases. Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults, but adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children. Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women. In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence and Prevalence=== | ||
*Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices. | |||
*Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361 }} </ref> | |||
*Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries.<ref name="pmid22041740">{{cite journal| author=Tengku SA, Norhayati M| title=Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review. | journal=Trop Biomed | year= 2011 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 194-222 | pmid=22041740 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22041740 }} </ref> | |||
*It is thought that the prevalence of ''E. dispar'' is much higher than that of ''E. histolytica'', but ''E. dispar'' is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by ''E. dispar''.<ref name="pmid17630338">{{cite journal| author=Fotedar R, Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J| title=Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 511-32, table of contents | pmid=17630338 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00004-07 | pmc=PMC1932757 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17630338 }} </ref> | |||
*In the USA, amoebiasis is more common among immigrants (Hispanic, Asian, or from Pacific Islands) than other groups. | |||
===Mortality=== | |||
*Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361 }} </ref> | |||
*Between 1990 and 2007, a total of 134 deaths in the USA were reported to be caused by amoebiasis. | |||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults. | *Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults. | ||
| Line 12: | Line 22: | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*There is no gender predilection for the development of amoebiasis. | *There is no gender predilection for the development of amoebiasis. | ||
*Men are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than women (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 3x higher in men than in women). | *Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 3x-10x higher in men than in women). | ||
===Ethnicity=== | |||
*In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences. | |||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
* | *The incidence of amoebiasis is higher in developing countries than in developed countries, particulary in regioins with poor sanitation systems. | ||
*The incidence of amoebiasis may reach up to 50% in certain regions. | |||
===Developed Countries=== | |||
*The incidence of amoebiasis is much lower in developed countries than in developing countries. The lower incidence is attributed to access to safe drinking water and food handling. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices. Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases. Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries. It is thought that the prevalence of E. dispar is much higher than that of E. histolytica, but E. dispar is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by E. dispar. Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases. Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults, but adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children. Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women. In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices.
- Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.[1][2][3]
- Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries.[4]
- It is thought that the prevalence of E. dispar is much higher than that of E. histolytica, but E. dispar is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by E. dispar.[5]
- In the USA, amoebiasis is more common among immigrants (Hispanic, Asian, or from Pacific Islands) than other groups.
Mortality
- Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases.[1][2][3]
- Between 1990 and 2007, a total of 134 deaths in the USA were reported to be caused by amoebiasis.
Age
- Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults.
- Adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 10x higher in adults than in children).
Gender
- There is no gender predilection for the development of amoebiasis.
- Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 3x-10x higher in men than in women).
Ethnicity
- In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.
Developing Countries
- The incidence of amoebiasis is higher in developing countries than in developed countries, particulary in regioins with poor sanitation systems.
- The incidence of amoebiasis may reach up to 50% in certain regions.
Developed Countries
- The incidence of amoebiasis is much lower in developed countries than in developing countries. The lower incidence is attributed to access to safe drinking water and food handling.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 101 (6): 533–8. doi:10.1179/136485907X193851. PMID 17716437.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL (2007). "Amoebiasis: current status in Australia". Med J Aust. 186 (8): 412–6. PMID 17437396.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A (2009). "Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art". Infect Genet Evol. 9 (6): 1023–32. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008. PMID 19540361.
- ↑ Tengku SA, Norhayati M (2011). "Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review". Trop Biomed. 28 (2): 194–222. PMID 22041740.
- ↑ Fotedar R, Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (2007). "Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species". Clin Microbiol Rev. 20 (3): 511–32, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00004-07. PMC 1932757. PMID 17630338.