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==Classification==
==Classification==
Sarcomas are given a number of different names, based on the type of tissue from which they arise.  For example, [[osteosarcoma]] arises from [[bone]], [[chondrosarcoma]] arises from [[cartilage]], and [[leiomyosarcoma]] arises from [[smooth muscle]].  Sarcomas strike people in all age ranges, but they are very rare, accounting for only 1% of all cases of [[cancer]].<ref>Borden EC, Baker LH, Bell RS, Bramwell V, Demetri GD, Eisenberg BL, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA, Ladanyi M, Meltzer P, O'Sullivan B, Parkinson DR, Pisters PW, Saxman S, Singer S, Sundaram M, van Oosterom AT, Verweij J, Waalen J, Weiss SW, Brennan MF. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: state of the translational science.Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jun;9(6):1941-56. Review. PMID 12796356</ref>  Soft tissue sarcomas, such as [[leiomyosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]], and [[gastrointestinal stromal tumor]] (GIST), are more common in adults than in children.  GIST is the most common form of sarcoma, with approximately 3000-3500 cases per year in the United States.<ref>Tran T, Davila JA, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:162-8. PMID 15654796 </ref>  This should be compared with breast cancer, with approximately 200,000 cases per year in North America.<ref>Smigal C, Jemal A, Ward E, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Howe HL, Thun M. Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56:168-83. PMID 16737949 </ref> Bone sarcomas, such as [[osteosarcoma]] and [[Ewing's sarcoma]], are more common in children than in adults.  These tumors most commonly strike adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12 and 25. In addition to being named based on the tissue of origin, sarcomas are also assigned a grade, such as low grade or high grade.  Low grade sarcomas are usually treated surgically, although sometimes [[radiation therapy]] or [[chemotherapy]] are used.  High grade sarcomas are more frequently treated with [[chemotherapy]].  Since these tumors are more likely to undergo [[metastasis]] (spreading to distant sites), these tumors are treated more aggressively.  Childhood sarcomas are almost always treated with a combination of [[surgery]] and [[chemotherapy]], and radiation is frequently used as well.  The recognition that childhood sarcomas are sensitive to chemotherapy has dramatically improved the survival of patients.  For example, in the era before chemotherapy, long term survival for patients with localized osteosarcoma was only approximately 20%, but now has risen to 60-70%.<ref>Longhi A, Errani C, De Paolis M, Mercuri M, Bacci G. Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: state of the art.  Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:423-36. PMID 16860938 </ref>
Sarcomas are given a number of different names, based on the type of tissue from which they arise.  For example, [[osteosarcoma]] arises from [[bone]], [[chondrosarcoma]] arises from [[cartilage]], and [[leiomyosarcoma]] arises from [[smooth muscle]].  Sarcomas strike people in all age ranges, but they are very rare, accounting for only 1% of all cases of [[cancer]].<ref>Borden EC, Baker LH, Bell RS, Bramwell V, Demetri GD, Eisenberg BL, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA, Ladanyi M, Meltzer P, O'Sullivan B, Parkinson DR, Pisters PW, Saxman S, Singer S, Sundaram M, van Oosterom AT, Verweij J, Waalen J, Weiss SW, Brennan MF. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: state of the translational science.Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jun;9(6):1941-56. Review. PMID 12796356</ref>  Soft tissue sarcomas, such as [[leiomyosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]], and [[gastrointestinal stromal tumor]] (GIST), are more common in adults than in children.  GIST is the most common form of sarcoma, with approximately 3000-3500 cases per year in the United States.<ref>Tran T, Davila JA, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:162-8. PMID 15654796 </ref>  This should be compared with breast cancer, with approximately 200,000 cases per year in North America.<ref>Smigal C, Jemal A, Ward E, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Howe HL, Thun M. Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56:168-83. PMID 16737949 </ref> Bone sarcomas, such as [[osteosarcoma]] and [[Ewing's sarcoma]], are more common in children than in adults.  These tumors most commonly strike adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12 and 25. In addition to being named based on the tissue of origin, sarcomas are also assigned a grade, such as low grade or high grade.  Low grade sarcomas are usually treated surgically, although sometimes [[radiation therapy]] or [[chemotherapy]] are used.  High grade sarcomas are more frequently treated with [[chemotherapy]].  Since these tumors are more likely to undergo [[metastasis]] (spreading to distant sites), these tumors are treated more aggressively.  Childhood sarcomas are almost always treated with a combination of [[surgery]] and [[chemotherapy]], and radiation is frequently used as well.  The recognition that childhood sarcomas are sensitive to chemotherapy has dramatically improved the survival of patients.  For example, in the era before chemotherapy, long term survival for patients with localized osteosarcoma was only approximately 20%, but now has risen to 60-70%.<ref>Longhi A, Errani C, De Paolis M, Mercuri M, Bacci G. Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: state of the art.  Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:423-36. PMID 16860938 </ref>
===Tables ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Adults
|- valign=top
! <u>Tissue of Origin</u>
! <u>Type of Cancer</u>
! <u>Usual Location in the Body</u>
|- valign=top
| '''Fibrous tissue'''
| [[Fibrosarcoma]]
| Arms, legs, trunk
|- valign="TOP"
|
| [[Malignant fibrous histiocytoma|Malignant fibrous<br>hystiocytoma]] || Legs
|- valign="TOP"
|
| [[Dermatofibrosarcoma]] || Trunk
|- valign=top
| '''Fat'''
| [[Liposarcoma]]
| Arms, legs, trunk
|- valign=top
| '''Muscle'''<br><dd>Striated muscle<dd>Smooth muscle
| <br>[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]<br />[[Leiomyosarcoma]]
| valign=bottom | <br>Arms, legs<br />Uterus, digestive tract
|- valign=top
| '''Blood vessels'''
| [[Hemangiosarcoma]]
| Arms, legs, trunk
|- valign="TOP"
| || [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] || Legs, trunk
|- valign=top
| '''Lymph vessels'''
| [[Lymphangiosarcoma]]
| Arms
|- valign=top
| '''Synovial tissue'''<br>(linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths)
| [[Synovial sarcoma]]
| Legs
|- valign=top
| '''Peripheral nerves'''
| [[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour]]/[[Neurofibrosarcoma]]
| Arms, legs, trunk
|- valign=top
| '''Cartilage and bone-forming tissue'''
| [[Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma]]
| Legs
|- valign="TOP"
|
| [[Extraskeletal osteosarcoma]] || Legs, trunk (not involving the bone)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Children
|- valign=top
! <u>Tissue of Origin</u>
! <u>Type of Cancer</u>
! <u>Usual Location in the Body</u>
! <u>Most common ages</u>
|- valign=top
| '''Muscle'''
|
|
|
|- valign=top
| <dd>Striated<br><dd>muscle
| Rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|- valign=top
|
| <dd>Embryonal
| Head and neck, genitourinary tract
| Infant–4
|- valign=top
|
| <dd>[[Alveolar soft part sarcoma]]
| Arms, legs, head, and neck
| Infant–19
|- valign=top
| <dd>Smooth<br><dd>muscle
| Leiomyosarcoma
| Trunk
| 15–19
|- valign=top
| '''Fibrous tissue'''
| Fibrosarcoma
| Arms and legs
| 15–19
|- valign=top
|
|  Malignant fibrous<br>histiocytoma
| Legs
| 15–19
|- valign=top
|
|  Dermatofibrosarcoma
| Trunk
| 15–19
|- valign=top
| '''Fat'''
| Liposarcoma
| Arms and Legs
| 15–19
|- valign=top
| '''Blood vessels'''
| Infantile hemangio-<br><dd>pericytoma
| Arms, legs, trunk, head, and neck
| Infant–4
|- valign=top
| '''Synovial tissue'''<br>(linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths)
| Synovial sarcoma
| Legs, arms, and trunk
| 15–19
|- valign=top
| '''Peripheral nerves'''
| Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (also called neurofibrosarcomas, malignant schwannomas, and neurogenic sarcomas)
| Arms, legs, and trunk
| 15–19
|- valign=top
| '''Muscular nerves'''
| [[Alveolar soft part sarcoma]]
| Arms and legs
| Infant–19
|- valign=top
| '''Cartilage and bone-forming tissue'''
| [[Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma]]
| Legs
| 10–14
|-
|
| Extraskeletal mesenchymal
| Legs
| 10–14
|}


== Types of sarcoma ==
== Types of sarcoma ==

Revision as of 19:54, 12 April 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

A sarcoma (from the Greek 'sarx' meaning "flesh") is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels) and soft tissue. This is in contrast to carcinomas, which are of epithelial origin (breast, colon, pancreas, and others).

Classification

Sarcomas are given a number of different names, based on the type of tissue from which they arise. For example, osteosarcoma arises from bone, chondrosarcoma arises from cartilage, and leiomyosarcoma arises from smooth muscle. Sarcomas strike people in all age ranges, but they are very rare, accounting for only 1% of all cases of cancer.[1] Soft tissue sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), are more common in adults than in children. GIST is the most common form of sarcoma, with approximately 3000-3500 cases per year in the United States.[2] This should be compared with breast cancer, with approximately 200,000 cases per year in North America.[3] Bone sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, are more common in children than in adults. These tumors most commonly strike adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12 and 25. In addition to being named based on the tissue of origin, sarcomas are also assigned a grade, such as low grade or high grade. Low grade sarcomas are usually treated surgically, although sometimes radiation therapy or chemotherapy are used. High grade sarcomas are more frequently treated with chemotherapy. Since these tumors are more likely to undergo metastasis (spreading to distant sites), these tumors are treated more aggressively. Childhood sarcomas are almost always treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, and radiation is frequently used as well. The recognition that childhood sarcomas are sensitive to chemotherapy has dramatically improved the survival of patients. For example, in the era before chemotherapy, long term survival for patients with localized osteosarcoma was only approximately 20%, but now has risen to 60-70%.[4]

Tables

Table 1: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Adults
Tissue of Origin Type of Cancer Usual Location in the Body
Fibrous tissue Fibrosarcoma Arms, legs, trunk
Malignant fibrous
hystiocytoma		 Legs
Dermatofibrosarcoma Trunk
Fat Liposarcoma Arms, legs, trunk
Muscle
Striated muscle
Smooth muscle

Rhabdomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Arms, legs
Uterus, digestive tract
Blood vessels Hemangiosarcoma Arms, legs, trunk
Kaposi's sarcoma Legs, trunk
Lymph vessels Lymphangiosarcoma Arms
Synovial tissue
(linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths) 		Synovial sarcoma Legs
Peripheral nerves Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour/Neurofibrosarcoma Arms, legs, trunk
Cartilage and bone-forming tissue Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma Legs
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma Legs, trunk (not involving the bone)
Table 2: Major Types of Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Children
Tissue of Origin Type of Cancer Usual Location in the Body Most common ages
Muscle
Striated
muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Embryonal
Head and neck, genitourinary tract Infant–4
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Arms, legs, head, and neck Infant–19
Smooth
muscle
Leiomyosarcoma Trunk 15–19
Fibrous tissue Fibrosarcoma Arms and legs 15–19
Malignant fibrous
histiocytoma 		Legs 15–19
Dermatofibrosarcoma Trunk 15–19
Fat Liposarcoma Arms and Legs 15–19
Blood vessels Infantile hemangio-
pericytoma
Arms, legs, trunk, head, and neck Infant–4
Synovial tissue
(linings of joint cavities, tendon sheaths) 		Synovial sarcoma Legs, arms, and trunk 15–19
Peripheral nerves Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (also called neurofibrosarcomas, malignant schwannomas, and neurogenic sarcomas) Arms, legs, and trunk 15–19
Muscular nerves Alveolar soft part sarcoma Arms and legs Infant–19
Cartilage and bone-forming tissue Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma Legs 10–14
Extraskeletal mesenchymal Legs 10–14

Types of sarcoma

(ICD-O codes are provided where available.)

Causes

Drug Side Effect

References

  1. ↑ Borden EC, Baker LH, Bell RS, Bramwell V, Demetri GD, Eisenberg BL, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA, Ladanyi M, Meltzer P, O'Sullivan B, Parkinson DR, Pisters PW, Saxman S, Singer S, Sundaram M, van Oosterom AT, Verweij J, Waalen J, Weiss SW, Brennan MF. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: state of the translational science.Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jun;9(6):1941-56. Review. PMID 12796356
  2. ↑ Tran T, Davila JA, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:162-8. PMID 15654796
  3. ↑ Smigal C, Jemal A, Ward E, Cokkinides V, Smith R, Howe HL, Thun M. Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56:168-83. PMID 16737949
  4. ↑ Longhi A, Errani C, De Paolis M, Mercuri M, Bacci G. Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: state of the art. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:423-36. PMID 16860938

External Links

ar:غرن da:Sarkom de:Sarkom fa:سارکوما it:Sarcoma he:סרקומה nl:Sarcoom no:Benvevskreft sv:Sarkom ur:لحمومہ

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