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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease |
{{SI}}                                                                 
  Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}}
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
{{SK}} Traumatic neuroma; Morton neuroma;
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = |
==Overview==
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = 9570/0 |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  MeshID        = D009463 |
}}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}


==Overview==
'''Neuroma''' originally was defined as a tumor of a nerve.  (''Neuro-'' is from the Greek for ''nerve''). Today, ''neuroma'' commonly refers to any [[tumor]] of cells of the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{eMedicineDictionary|Neuroma}}</ref> though some use the term only to describe tumors of the cell of the nerve and related fibers.<ref>{{Dorlands|n_07|12569500}}</ref>


Because of the ambiguity inherent to the term, it is usually better to use a more specific description when possible.
==Historical Perspective==


Neuromas can be either [[benign]] or [[malignant]].
*Neuroma was first described by Thomas Morton in 1876


==Classification==
==Classification==
*Neuroma  may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
:*[group1]
:*[group2]
:*[group3]
*Other variants of neuroma  include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
==Pathophysiology==
*The pathogenesis of neuroma  is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of neuroma , involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of neuroma .
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of neuroma .
==Causes==
* Neuroma  may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
* Neuroma  is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
* There are no established causes for neuroma .
==Differentiating neuroma  from other Diseases==
*Neuroma  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
:*[Differential dx1]
:*[Differential dx2]
:*[Differential dx3]
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* The prevalence of neuroma  is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
* In [year], the incidence of neuroma  was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop neuroma .
*Neuroma  is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
*Neuroma  is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
===Gender===
*Neuroma  affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with neuroma  than [gender 2].
* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection for neuroma .
*Neuroma  usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop neuroma .
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of neuroma  are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
*The majority of patients with neuroma  remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with neuroma  may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*Common complications of neuroma  include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with neuroma  is approximately [#%].
== Diagnosis ==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
*The diagnosis of neuroma  is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
:*[criterion 1]
:*[criterion 2]
:*[criterion 3]
:*[criterion 4]
=== Symptoms ===
*Neuroma  is usually asymptomatic.
*Symptoms of neuroma  may include the following:
:*[symptom 1]
:*[symptom 2]
:*[symptom 3]
:*[symptom 4]
:*[symptom 5]
:*[symptom 6]
=== Physical Examination ===
*Patients with neuroma  usually appear [general appearance].
*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
:*[finding 1]
:*[finding 2]
:*[finding 3]
:*[finding 4]
:*[finding 5]
:*[finding 6]
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with neuroma .


===Non-tumors===
*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of neuroma .
Although the "-oma" suffix usually is usually reserved for tumors, the term "neuroma" is also sometimes used for conditions that are not usually considered tumorous:
*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of neuroma .
 
*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of neuroma  include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
* [[Traumatic neuroma]] follows different forms of nerve injury (often as a result of surgery). They occur at the end of injured nerve fibres as a form of uneffective, unregulated nerve regeneration; it occurs most commonly near a scar, either superficially (skin, subcutaneous fat) or deep (e.g., after a [[cholecystectomy]]). They are often very painful. It is also known as "pseudoneuroma".<ref>{{Dorlands|n_07|12569601}}</ref>
 
===Imaging Findings===
* [[Morton's neuroma]] (a [[mononeuropathy]] of the foot) is not considered a tumor in modern sources,<ref>{{GPnotebook|-664076278}}</ref> and therefore cannot be considered a true neuroma. The name is entrenched, and remains commonly used, but "Morton's metatarsalgia" is more accurate.
*There are no [imaging study] findings associated with neuroma .
 
===True tumors===
*[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for neuroma .
According to [[ICD-O]] and [[MeSH]], the term "Neuroma" refers to a [[nerve sheath tumor]]. Subtypes include:
*On [imaging study 1], neuroma  is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
*[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*[[Neurinoma]] (Neurilemmoma) - a benign slow growing tumor of the [[neurolemma]] (myelin sheath) of a nerve fibre.
 
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
* [[Acoustic neurinoma]] (or "acoustic neuroma")
*Neuroma  may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
 
*Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
[[Ganglioneuroma]] could be considered a type of neuroma, though it is not a nerve sheath tumor.
== Treatment ==
=== Medical Therapy ===
*There is no treatment for neuroma ; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
*The mainstay of therapy for neuroma  is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
=== Surgery ===
*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for neuroma .
*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of neuroma .
*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] neuroma .
=== Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures available for neuroma .
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of neuroma  include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].


*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with neuroma  are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{Nervous tissue tumors}}
[[Category:Pick One of 28 Approved]]
 
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
 
[[de:Neurom]]
[[it:Neuroma]]
 
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Revision as of 13:48, 21 April 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Traumatic neuroma; Morton neuroma;

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • Neuroma was first described by Thomas Morton in 1876

Classification

  • Neuroma may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
  • [group1]
  • [group2]
  • [group3]
  • Other variants of neuroma include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of neuroma is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
  • The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of neuroma , involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of neuroma .
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of neuroma .

Causes

  • Neuroma may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
  • Neuroma is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
  • There are no established causes for neuroma .

Differentiating neuroma from other Diseases

  • Neuroma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
  • [Differential dx1]
  • [Differential dx2]
  • [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of neuroma is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence of neuroma was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop neuroma .
  • Neuroma is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
  • Neuroma is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

  • Neuroma affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with neuroma than [gender 2].
  • The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for neuroma .
  • Neuroma usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
  • [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop neuroma .

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of neuroma are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with neuroma remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
  • Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • If left untreated, [#%] of patients with neuroma may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • Common complications of neuroma include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
  • Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with neuroma is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of neuroma is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
  • [criterion 1]
  • [criterion 2]
  • [criterion 3]
  • [criterion 4]

Symptoms

  • Neuroma is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of neuroma may include the following:
  • [symptom 1]
  • [symptom 2]
  • [symptom 3]
  • [symptom 4]
  • [symptom 5]
  • [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with neuroma usually appear [general appearance].
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:
  • [finding 1]
  • [finding 2]
  • [finding 3]
  • [finding 4]
  • [finding 5]
  • [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with neuroma .
  • A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of neuroma .
  • An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of neuroma .
  • Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of neuroma include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

  • There are no [imaging study] findings associated with neuroma .
  • [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for neuroma .
  • On [imaging study 1], neuroma is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
  • [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Neuroma may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
  • Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for neuroma ; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
  • The mainstay of therapy for neuroma is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
  • [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
  • Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for neuroma .
  • [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of neuroma .
  • [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] neuroma .

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for neuroma .
  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of neuroma include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with neuroma are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

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