Hemangioendothelioma

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Infantile hemangioendothelioma; Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma; Retiform hemangioendothelioma; Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma; Dabska tumor

Overview

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare group of benign or malignant vascular neoplasms. Hemangioendotheliomas commonly present with an enlarging mass and have been reported in the head and neck, intestines, lungs, lymph nodes, pleura, retroperitoneum,or stomach. Surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for hemangioendothelioma.

Historical Perspective

• Hemangioendothelioma was first described by Sharon Weiss, an American pathologist, in 1986.

Classification

• Hemangioendothelioma may be classified into 4 groups:

• Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
• Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
• Retiform hemangioendothelioma
• Infantile hemangioendothelioma

• Type I

• Multiple vascular channels
• Formed by an immature endothelial lining
• Stromal separation from bile ductules

• Type II:

• Disorganized appearance and hypercellular
• There are no bile ductules

Pathophysiology

• The pathogenesis of hemangioendothelioma is characterized by epithelioid-like features.
• Hemangioendotheliomas tend to occur around medium to large venous structures.
• There are no genetic mutations associated with the development of hemangioendothelioma.
• On gross pathology, characteristic findings of hemangioendothelioma, include:

• No hallmark features
• Size may range up to 18 cm.

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hemangioendothelioma, include:

• Large epithelioid perivascular cells
• Abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm
• Cytoplasmic vacuolation (some cells) (also known as "blister cells") - key feature.
• May form lumen and have red blood cells within
• Vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus in some cells
• Tuft-like projections into capillaries.

Papillary intralymphatic hemangioendothelioma

• Papillary tufts
• Central hyaline core lined by hobnail-like endothelial cells protruding into the lumina

Retiform hemangioendothelioma

• Infiltrative neoplasm composed of elongated arborizing vessels
• Arranged in an anastomosing pattern
• Lined by a single layer of "hobnail-like" endothelial cells (protrude within the narrow lumina)

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma

• Composed of several solid poorly circumscribed nodules
• Nodules composed of a mixture of small capillaries and solid lobules
• Arranged in a glomeruloid pattern

• On immunohistochemistry, characteristic findings of hemangioendothelioma, include:

• Positive CD31
• Positive CD34
• Positive Factor VIII

Causes

• There are no established causes for hemangioendothelioma.

Differentiating Hemangioendothelioma from Other Diseases

• Hemangioendothelioma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a hypervascular mass, or abdominal pain, such as:

• Hepatoblastoma
• Hemangioma
• Angiosarcoma
• Colangiocarcinoma

Epidemiology and Demographics

• The prevalence of hemangioendothelioma is approximately 1 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• Hemangioendothelioma is very rare.

Age

• Patients of all age groups may develop hemangioendothelioma.

Gender

• Hemangioendothelioma affects men and women equally.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for hemangioendothelioma.

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of hemangioendothelioma, include:

• Oral contraceptives
• Polyvinyl chloride

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with hemangioendothelioma are symptomatic at the time of diagnosis.
• Early clinical features of hemangioendothelioma are often unspecific (eg. abdominal pain, mass, weight loss, or fatigue).
• If left untreated, the majority of patients with hemangioendothelioma may progress to develop metastases.
• Common complications of hemangioendothelioma, include:

• Hepatic failure
• Multi-organ failure
• Cardiac failure

• Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-­year survival rate of patients with hemangioendothelioma is approximately 55%

Diagnosis

Symptoms

• Hemangioendothelioma is usually asymptomatic.
• Symptoms of hemangioendothelioma may include the following:

• Abdominal pain
• Fatigue

Physical Examination

• Patients with hemangioendothelioma usually may be well-appearing.
• Physical examination may be remarkable for:

Palpation

• Abdominal large mass
• Hepatomegaly

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with hemangioendothelioma.

Imaging Findings

• On CT, characteristic findings of hemangioendothelioma, include:

Hepatic Hemangioendothelioma

• Multiple hypo-attenuating lesions in both hepatic lobes
• That coalesce to form larger confluent hypo-attenuating regions in a peripheral or subcapsular distribution
• Halo or target pattern of enhancement in larger lesions
• Subcapsular lesion often present with capsular retraction
• Located in a predominantly peripheral distribution, with coalescence as individual nodules.
• Honeycomb appearance

• On MRI, characteristic findings of hemangioendothelioma, include:

Hepatic Hemangioendothelioma

• T1: hypointense lesions relative to normal liver parenchyma on unenhanced T1-weighted images
• T2: heterogeneously increased signal intensity
• C+ (Gd): some lesions demonstrate either a peripheral halo or a target-type enhancement pattern after administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent, with occasional observation of a thin peripheral hypointense rim

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for hemangioendothelioma; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
• Common therapies for hemangioendothelioma, may include:

• Interferon
• Sorafenib (kinase inhibitor)
• Corticosteroids
• Paclitaxel
• Thalidomide
• Doxorubicin

Surgery

• Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hemangioendothelioma.
• The recurrence rate after surgery of hemangioendothelioma is approximately 40%.
• Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma has a good prognosis.

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for hemangioendothelioma.