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'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
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{{Infobox_Disease |
{{ Iodine deficiency }}
  Name          = Iodine deficiency |
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
  DiseasesDB    = 6933 |
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|E|00||e|00}} - {{ICD10|E|02||e|00}} |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  MeshID        = |
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{{Search infobox}}
{{GS}}


==Overview==
{{CMG}}


[[Iodine]] is an essential [[trace element]]; the [[thyroid hormone]]s [[thyroxine]] and [[triiodotyronine]] contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland
==[[Iodine deficiency overview|Overview]]==
areas where no marine foods are eaten—'''iodine deficiency''' gives rise to
[[goiter]] (so-called [[endemic goitre]]), as well as [[cretinism]], which results in developmental delays and other health problems


In some such areas, this is now combatted by the addition of small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of [[sodium iodide]], [[potassium iodide]], [[potassium iodate]]—this product is known as ''iodized salt''. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, in areas of deficiency.
==[[Iodine deficiency historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==Pathophysiology==
===Goitre===
{{main|Goitre}}
Low amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s in the blood, due to lack of [[iodine]] to make them, give rise to high levels of the [[pituitary hormone]] [[TSH]], which in turn stimulate abnormal growth of the [[thyroid gland]], sometimes causing [[goitre]]s.


Iodized salt and other sources of iodine in the diet has eliminated this condition in many affluent countries, however there are a number of European countries, Australia, and New Zealand where iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem (Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, de Benoist B.  Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency.  Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:518-25). However, it is still common in poorer nations. Also, treatment for conditions such as [[hypertension]] proscribe the excessive intake of salt and prescribe the use of a [[salt substitute]].
==[[Iodine deficiency classification|Classification]]==


;Cretinism
==[[Iodine deficiency pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==[[Iodine deficiency causes|Causes]]==


Certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction, are severely affected by iodine deficiency, which effects approximately two billion people worldwide. It is particularly common in the Netherlands, Western Pacific, South-East Asia and Africa.
==[[Iodine deficiency differential diagnosis|Differentiating Any Disease from other Diseases]]==


India is the most outstanding, with 500 million suffering from deficiency, 54 million from goitre, and two million from [[cretinism]].
==[[Iodine deficiency epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency, China and Kazakhstan have begun taking action, while Russia has not. Successful campaigns for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education and regulation of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public, the salt trade, politicians and policy makers. The cost of adding iodine to salt is negligible. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"], article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006, ''New York Times''</ref>
==[[Iodine deficiency risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==Related Chapters==
==[[Iodine deficiency screening|Screening]]==
*[[Basil Hetzel]]
*[[Lugol's iodine]]


==References==
==[[Iodine deficiency natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
{{reflist|2}}


{{Endocrine pathology}}
==Diagnosis==
[[Category:Iodine|Deficiency]]
[[Iodine deficiency history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Iodine deficiency physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Iodine deficiency laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Iodine deficiency electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |[[Iodine deficiency chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Iodine deficiency CT|CT]] | [[Iodine deficiency MRI|MRI]] |  | [[Iodine deficiency other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Iodine deficiency other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
[[Category:Malnutrition]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]


==Treatment==
[[Iodine deficiency medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Iodine deficiency surgery|Surgery]] | [[Iodine deficiency primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Iodine deficiency secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Iodine deficiency cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Iodine deficiency future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


[[ja:ヨード欠乏症]]
==Case Studies==
[[sv:Jodbrist]]
[[Iodine deficiency case study one|Case #1]]
[[zh:碘缺乏病]]


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Revision as of 19:08, 2 June 2016

Iodine deficiency Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Iodine deficiency from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Any Disease from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram |Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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