Neutrophilia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| Name = Neutrophilia | |||
| Image = Neutrophils.jpg | |||
| Caption = Neutrophils with a segmented nuclei surrounded by [[erythrocytes]], the intra-cellular granules are visible in the [[cytoplasm]] ([[Giemsa stain]]ed) | |||
| DiseasesDB = 8995 | |||
| ICD10 = | |||
| ICD9 = | |||
| ICDO = | |||
| OMIM = | |||
| MedlinePlus = | |||
| eMedicineSubj = med | |||
| eMedicineTopic = 3209 | |||
| MeshID = | |||
}} | |||
__NOTOC__ | |||
{{SI}} | |||
{{CMG}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
'''Neutrophilia''' (also called '''neutrophil leukocytosis''' or occasionally '''neutrocytosis''') is [[leukocytosis]] of [[neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophils]], that is, a high number of neutrophil granulocytes in the [[blood]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|six/000072202|neutrophilia}}</ref> | |||
==Causes== | |||
Neutrophil are the primary [[white blood cell]]s that respond to a [[bacteria]]l [[infection]], so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially [[pyogenic infection]]s.<ref name=Kumar12-6>Table 12-6 in: {{cite book |author=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year= |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2973-7 |oclc= |doi=}} 8th edition.</ref> | |||
Neutrophils are also increased in any acute [[inflammation]], so will be raised after a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]],<ref name=Kumar12-6/> other [[infarct]] or [[burn]]s.<ref name=Kumar12-6/> | |||
Some drugs, such as [[prednisone]], have the same effect as [[cortisol]] and adrenaline ([[epinephrine]]), causing marginated neutrophils to enter the blood stream. [[Anxiety|Nervousness]] will very slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect. | |||
A neutrophilia might also be the result of a [[Malignant|malignancy]]. [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (CML or chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils. Neutrophilia can also be caused by [[appendicitis]] and [[splenectomy]].<ref name=bloodandcancerclinic>{{cite web|title=bloodandcancerclinic|url=http://www.bloodandcancerclinic.com/neutrophilia.php|accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
Primary neutrophilia can additionally be a result of [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]].<ref>https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-LeucocyteAdhesionDeficiency.pdf</ref> | |||
=="Left shift"== | |||
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood. This generally reflects early or premature release of [[myeloid cells]] from the [[bone marrow]], the site where neutrophils are generated. A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a [[leukemoid reaction]]. The [[leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]] (LAP) score, which refers to the amount of [[alkaline phosphatase]] per neutrophil, will increase. In a severe infection, toxic granulation changes happen to the neutrophils. | |||
This can resemble [[Pelger-Huet anomaly]].<ref name="pmid16724080">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed IS, Wynn RJ, Cominsky K, etal |title=White blood cell left shift in a neonate: a case of mistaken identity |journal=J Perinatol |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=378–80 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16724080 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7211513}}</ref><ref name="pmid8377874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shmuely H, Pitlik SD, Inbal A, Rosenfeld JB |title=Pelger-Huët anomaly mimicking 'shift to the left' |journal=Neth J Med |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=168–70 |date=June 1993 |pmid=8377874 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Granulocytosis]] (often used as synonym) | |||
*[[Neutropenia]] (having too few neutrophils) | |||
*[[Absolute neutrophil count]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
{{Monocyte and granulocyte disease}} | |||
[[Category:Monocyte and granulocyte disorders]] | |||
Revision as of 21:58, 3 June 2016
Template:Infobox medical condition
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Neutrophilia (also called neutrophil leukocytosis or occasionally neutrocytosis) is leukocytosis of neutrophils, that is, a high number of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood.[1]
Causes
Neutrophil are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection, so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially pyogenic infections.[2]
Neutrophils are also increased in any acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart attack,[2] other infarct or burns.[2]
Some drugs, such as prednisone, have the same effect as cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), causing marginated neutrophils to enter the blood stream. Nervousness will very slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect.
A neutrophilia might also be the result of a malignancy. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML or chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils. Neutrophilia can also be caused by appendicitis and splenectomy.[3]
Primary neutrophilia can additionally be a result of Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.[4]
"Left shift"
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood. This generally reflects early or premature release of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, the site where neutrophils are generated. A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, which refers to the amount of alkaline phosphatase per neutrophil, will increase. In a severe infection, toxic granulation changes happen to the neutrophils.
This can resemble Pelger-Huet anomaly.[5][6]
See also
- Granulocytosis (often used as synonym)
- Neutropenia (having too few neutrophils)
- Absolute neutrophil count
References
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
- ↑ "bloodandcancerclinic". Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ↑ https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-LeucocyteAdhesionDeficiency.pdf
- ↑ Mohamed IS, Wynn RJ, Cominsky K, et al. (June 2006). "White blood cell left shift in a neonate: a case of mistaken identity". J Perinatol. 26 (6): 378–80. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211513. PMID 16724080.
- ↑ Shmuely H, Pitlik SD, Inbal A, Rosenfeld JB (June 1993). "Pelger-Huët anomaly mimicking 'shift to the left'". Neth J Med. 42 (5–6): 168–70. PMID 8377874.