Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes: Difference between revisions

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Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  This is a life-threatening condition with majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  This is a life-threatening condition with majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.


===Common Causes===
==Causes==
* [[Chemical pneumonitis|Aspiration of gastric contents]]
ARDS may occur as the result of either a ''direct'' or ''indirect'' insult to the lungs:
* [[Overdose|Drug overdoses]] e.g., [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[narcotic]]s
*'''Direct insult'''
* [[Fat embolism syndrome|Fat embolism]]
:*Pneumonia
* [[Massive blood transfusion]]
:*[[Chemical pneumonitis|Aspiration pneumonitis]]
* [[Drowning|Near-drowning]] (fresh or salt water)
:*Toxin inhalation
* [[Pancreatitis]]
:*Smoke inhalation
* [[Pneumonia]]
:*Fat embolism
* [[Sepsis]] (gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites)
:*Amniotic fluid embolism
* [[Physical trauma|Severe trauma]]
:*[[Drowning|Near-drowning]] (fresh water drowning more often than salt water drowning)
:*Physical trauma to the lungs (e.g., [[lung contusion]])
*'''Indirect insult''':
:*[[Sepsis]]
:*[[TRALI|massive blood transfusion]]
:*[[Adverse drug reaction]]s and [[toxic exposures]] (e.g., [[acetylsalicylic acid]] overdose, [[narcotic]] overdose)
:*Extrapulmonary traumatic injury (e.g., [[head trauma]])
:*[[Pancreatitis]]
:*[[Burns]]
:*[[Cardiopulmonary bypass]]
 
[[Sepsis]] is the most common cause of ARDS, followed by [[aspiration pneumonitis]] and [[transfusion-related acute lung injury]]<ref name="pmid7091520">{{cite journal| author=Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ| title=Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1982 | volume= 144 | issue= 1 | pages= 124-30 | pmid=7091520 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7091520  }} </ref>
Certain medical comorbidities (e.g., [[chronic liver disease|chronic liver]] or [[chronic kidney disease|kidney disease]], [[alcoholism]], [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|infection with the human immunodeficiency virus]], [[organ transplantation|prior organ transplantation]]) predispose to the development of ARDS, and the risk for developing ARDS increases along with the number of acute insults (e.g., pneumonia and pancreatitis versus pancreatitis alone).


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mercury|Mercury inhalation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]]<ref name="pmid23989174">{{cite journal| author=de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Van Nhieu JT, Duong TA, Chosidow O et al.| title=Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 118-28 | pmid=23989174 | doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829eb94f | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23989174  }} </ref>
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Ado-trastuzumab emtansine]], [[afatinib]], [[crizotinib]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[filgastrim]], [[gemcitabine]], [[mitomycin]], [[sorafenib]], [[tbo-filgrastim]], [[urofollitropin]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[ado-trastuzumab emtansine]], [[afatinib]], [[amiodarone]], [[crizotinib]], [[cytarabine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[docetaxel]], [[filgrastim]], [[follitropin]], [[gemcitabine]], [[mitomycin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[sorafenib]], [[tbo-filgrastim]], [[urofollitropin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Smoke inhalation|inhalation injury]], [[near-drowning]], [[Burn|surface burns]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Smoke inhalation|inhalation injury]], [[drowning|near-drowning]], [[Burn|surface burns]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aspiration pneumonia|Aspiration of gastric contents]], [[pancreatitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fat embolism]], [[massive blood transfusion]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone marrow transplantation]], [[transfusion-related acute lung injury|massive blood transfusion]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone marrow transplantation]], [[cardiopulmonary bypass]], [[massive blood transfusion]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone marrow transplantation]], [[cardiopulmonary bypass]], [[transfusion-related acute lung injury|massive blood transfusion]], [[oxygen toxicity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[ehrlichiosis ]], [[leptospirosis]], [[malaria]], [[miliary tuberculosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[sepsis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[malaria]], [[miliary tuberculosis]], [[pneumonia|pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)]], [[sepsis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome|severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fat embolism]], [[polytrauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Decompression sickness]], [[fat embolism]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Air embolism|venous air embolism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[heroin]], [[naloxone]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetylsalicylic acid]], [[heroin]], [[naloxone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Chemical pneumonitis|Aspiration of gastric contents]], [[cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis]], [[decompression sickness]], [[fat embolism]], [[pneumonia]], [[Air embolism|venous air embolism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]], [[Chemical pneumonitis|aspiration of gastric contents]], [[cryptogenic organizing pneumonia|Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP)]], [[decompression sickness]], [[fat embolism]], [[lung transplantation]], [[pneumonia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary contusion]], [[Physical trauma|severe trauma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pulmonary contusion]], [[polytrauma]], [[Physical trauma|severe trauma]], [[traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
*[[Ado-trastuzumab emtansine]]
*[[Ado-trastuzumab emtansine]]
*[[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]]
*[[Eosinophilic pneumonia|Acute eosinophilic pneumonia]]
*[[Afatinib]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]
*[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
Line 145: Line 160:
*[[Bone marrow transplantation]]
*[[Bone marrow transplantation]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary bypass]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary bypass]]
*[[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis]]
*[[Crizotinib]]
*[[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia|Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP)]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus immune globulin]]
*[[Ehrlichiosis ]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Filgastrim]]
*[[Filgastrim]]
*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
*[[Follitropin]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Heroin|Heroin overdose]]
*[[Heroin|Heroin overdose]]
*[[Smoke inhalation|Inhalation injury]]
*[[Smoke inhalation|Inhalation injury]]
Line 160: Line 178:
*[[Miliary tuberculosis]]
*[[Miliary tuberculosis]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Massive blood transfusion]]
*[[Transfusion-related acute lung injury|Massive blood transfusion]]
*[[Naloxone|Naloxone overdose]]
*[[Naloxone|Naloxone overdose]]
*[[Near-drowning]]
*[[Drowning|Near-drowning]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
*[[Oxygen toxicity]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Polytrauma]]
*[[Pulmonary contusion]]
*[[Pulmonary contusion]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Physical trauma|Severe trauma]]
*[[Physical trauma|Severe trauma]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Burn|Surface burns]]
*[[Burn|Surface burns]]
*[[Tbo-filgrastim]]
*[[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury|Traumatic brain injury (TBI)]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Air embolism|Venous air embolism]]
*[[Urofollitropin]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


Revision as of 23:43, 20 June 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [2]

Overview

Acute respiratory distress syndrome may result from a wide variety of direct and indirect insults to the lung, but only a few common causes have been identified. These include: sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents, pneumonia, severe trauma, e.t.c.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. This is a life-threatening condition with majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.

Causes

ARDS may occur as the result of either a direct or indirect insult to the lungs:

  • Direct insult
  • Indirect insult:

Sepsis is the most common cause of ARDS, followed by aspiration pneumonitis and transfusion-related acute lung injury[1] Certain medical comorbidities (e.g., chronic liver or kidney disease, alcoholism, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, prior organ transplantation) predispose to the development of ARDS, and the risk for developing ARDS increases along with the number of acute insults (e.g., pneumonia and pancreatitis versus pancreatitis alone).

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Mercury inhalation
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis[2]
Drug Side Effect Acetylsalicylic acid, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, afatinib, amiodarone, crizotinib, cytarabine, cytomegalovirus immune globulin, docetaxel, filgrastim, follitropin, gemcitabine, mitomycin, nitrofurantoin, sorafenib, tbo-filgrastim, urofollitropin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, inhalation injury, near-drowning, surface burns
Gastroenterologic Aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Bone marrow transplantation, massive blood transfusion
Iatrogenic Bone marrow transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass, massive blood transfusion, oxygen toxicity
Infectious Disease Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, ehrlichiosis, leptospirosis, malaria, miliary tuberculosis, pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), sepsis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Fat embolism, polytrauma
Neurologic Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Amniotic fluid embolism
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Acetylsalicylic acid, heroin, naloxone
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), decompression sickness, fat embolism, lung transplantation, pneumonia
Renal/Electrolyte Uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Anaphylaxis, bone marrow transplantation, leukoagglutin reactions
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Pulmonary contusion, polytrauma, severe trauma, traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ (1982). "Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome". Am J Surg. 144 (1): 124–30. PMID 7091520.
  2. ↑ de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Van Nhieu JT, Duong TA, Chosidow O; et al. (2014). "Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation". Crit Care Med. 42 (1): 118–28. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829eb94f. PMID 23989174.


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