Red eye pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{Red eye}} | {{Red eye}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
===[[infection Conjunctivitis]]=== | |||
The surface tissues of the eye are [[colonized]] by [[normal flora]] such as ''[[streptococci]]'', ''[[staphylococci]]'', and ''[[corynebacteria]]''. Any change in the host defense or in the [[species of bacteria]] can lead to clinical infection. Any change in the flora can also occur by [[external contamination]] (contact lens wear, swimming) or spread from [[adjacent]] infectious sites (rubbing of the eyes). | |||
The [[primary defense]] against infection is the [[epithelial]] layer covering the [[conjunctiva]]. [[Secondary defenses]] include [[hematologic immune mechanisms]] carried by the [[conjunctival]] [[vasculature]]; tear film [[immunoglobulins]] and [[lysozyme]]; and the rinsing action of [[lacrimation]] and blinking. [[Disruption]] of any of these [[defenses mechanisms]] can lead to infection. | |||
===[[Allergic Conjunctivitis]]=== | |||
Development of [[Allergic Conjunctivitis]] is result of [[type I hypersensitivity reactions]] involving the conjunctiva. Allergic conjunctivitis is prompted by [[IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction]]. [[Mast cell]] plays an important role in these allergic inflammations.<ref name="pmid26681960">{{cite journal| author=Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Abokyi S, Owusu-Afriyie O, Wiredu EA| title=Possible Mechanism of Action of the Antiallergic Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Heliotropium indicum L. in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Conjunctivitis. | journal=J Allergy (Cairo) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 245370 | pmid=26681960 | doi=10.1155/2015/245370 | pmc=4657065 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26681960 }} </ref> | |||
[[Airborne antigens]] may be involved in the pathogenesis of Allergic Conjunctivitis. Common [[airborne antigens]], include [[pollen]], grass, and weeds, may provoke the symptoms of acute Allergic Conjunctivitis, and also there is a strong association with [[atopic dermatitis]] and [[Allergic Conjunctivitis]].<ref name="pmid19134019">{{cite journal| author=Malling HJ, Montagut A, Melac M, Patriarca G, Panzner P, Seberova E et al.| title=Efficacy and safety of 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with different clinical profiles of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 387-93 | pmid=19134019 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03152.x | pmc=4233960 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19134019 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17967188">{{cite journal| author=Kämpe M, Stålenheim G, Janson C, Stolt I, Carlson M| title=Systemic and local eosinophil inflammation during the birch pollen season in allergic patients with predominant rhinitis or asthma. | journal=Clin Mol Allergy | year= 2007 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= 4 | pmid=17967188 | doi=10.1186/1476-7961-5-4 | pmc=2174506 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17967188 }} </ref> | |||
Combination of type I and [[type IV hypersensitivity reactions]] may be responsible for the pathogenesis of [[Giant papillary conjunctivitis]]. It is believed that an [[antigen]] is present, in predisposed individuals, which stimulates the immunological reaction.Prolonged mechanical irritation to the superior tarsal conjunctiva, of the upper lid, from any of a variety of foreign bodies may also be a contributing factor in Giant papillary conjunctivitis. | |||
<ref name="pmid7886881">{{cite journal| author=Donshik PC| title=Giant papillary conjunctivitis. | journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc | year= 1994 | volume= 92 | issue= | pages= 687-744 | pmid=7886881 | doi= | pmc=1298525 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7886881 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10703125">{{cite journal| author=Donshik PC, Porazinski AD| title=Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent-replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study. | journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc | year= 1999 | volume= 97 | issue= | pages= 205-16; discussion 216-20 | pmid=10703125 | doi= | pmc=1298261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10703125 }} </ref> | |||
===Keratoconjunctivitis=== | |||
<ref name="pmid27213053">{{cite journal| author=Zhang X, Zhao L, Deng S, Sun X, Wang N| title=Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics. | journal=J Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= 8201053 | pmid=27213053 | doi=10.1155/2016/8201053 | pmc=4861815 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27213053 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 21:04, 22 June 2016
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Red eye Microchapters |
Overview
infection Conjunctivitis
The surface tissues of the eye are colonized by normal flora such as streptococci, staphylococci, and corynebacteria. Any change in the host defense or in the species of bacteria can lead to clinical infection. Any change in the flora can also occur by external contamination (contact lens wear, swimming) or spread from adjacent infectious sites (rubbing of the eyes). The primary defense against infection is the epithelial layer covering the conjunctiva. Secondary defenses include hematologic immune mechanisms carried by the conjunctival vasculature; tear film immunoglobulins and lysozyme; and the rinsing action of lacrimation and blinking. Disruption of any of these defenses mechanisms can lead to infection.
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Development of Allergic Conjunctivitis is result of type I hypersensitivity reactions involving the conjunctiva. Allergic conjunctivitis is prompted by IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Mast cell plays an important role in these allergic inflammations.[1] Airborne antigens may be involved in the pathogenesis of Allergic Conjunctivitis. Common airborne antigens, include pollen, grass, and weeds, may provoke the symptoms of acute Allergic Conjunctivitis, and also there is a strong association with atopic dermatitis and Allergic Conjunctivitis.[2][3] Combination of type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions may be responsible for the pathogenesis of Giant papillary conjunctivitis. It is believed that an antigen is present, in predisposed individuals, which stimulates the immunological reaction.Prolonged mechanical irritation to the superior tarsal conjunctiva, of the upper lid, from any of a variety of foreign bodies may also be a contributing factor in Giant papillary conjunctivitis. [4][5]
Keratoconjunctivitis
References
- ↑ Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Abokyi S, Owusu-Afriyie O, Wiredu EA (2015). "Possible Mechanism of Action of the Antiallergic Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Heliotropium indicum L. in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Conjunctivitis". J Allergy (Cairo). 2015: 245370. doi:10.1155/2015/245370. PMC 4657065. PMID 26681960.
- ↑ Malling HJ, Montagut A, Melac M, Patriarca G, Panzner P, Seberova E; et al. (2009). "Efficacy and safety of 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with different clinical profiles of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis". Clin Exp Allergy. 39 (3): 387–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03152.x. PMC 4233960. PMID 19134019.
- ↑ Kämpe M, Stålenheim G, Janson C, Stolt I, Carlson M (2007). "Systemic and local eosinophil inflammation during the birch pollen season in allergic patients with predominant rhinitis or asthma". Clin Mol Allergy. 5: 4. doi:10.1186/1476-7961-5-4. PMC 2174506. PMID 17967188.
- ↑ Donshik PC (1994). "Giant papillary conjunctivitis". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 92: 687–744. PMC 1298525. PMID 7886881.
- ↑ Donshik PC, Porazinski AD (1999). "Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent-replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 97: 205–16, discussion 216-20. PMC 1298261. PMID 10703125.
- ↑ Zhang X, Zhao L, Deng S, Sun X, Wang N (2016). "Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics". J Ophthalmol. 2016: 8201053. doi:10.1155/2016/8201053. PMC 4861815. PMID 27213053.