Conjunctivitis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Laboratory tests are not often required | Laboratory tests are not often required in patients with mild conjunctivitis. [[Conjunctival]] cultures is generally reserved for cases of suspected infectious neonatal conjunctivitis, recurrent conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis recalcitrant to therapy, conjunctivitis presenting with severe [[purulent]] discharge, and cases suspicious for ''[[gonococcal]]'' or ''[[chlamydial]] infection. | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
Laboratory tests usually are not required in patients with mild conjunctivitis | Laboratory tests usually are not required in patients with mild conjunctivitis. However, specimens for bacterial cultures should be obtained in patients who have severe [[inflammation]] (hyperacute [[purulent]] conjunctivitis) or [[chronic]] or recurrent conjunctivitis. Cultures also should be obtained in patients who do not respond to treatment. | ||
===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Laboratory studies for viral conjunctivitis should include the following: | Laboratory studies for viral conjunctivitis should include the following: | ||
*Rapid [[antigen]] testing for ''[[adenoviruses]]'' (can identify the [[viral]] causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary [[antibiotic]] use) | *Rapid [[antigen]] testing for ''[[adenoviruses]]'' (can identify the [[viral]] causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary [[antibiotic]] use) | ||
===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is usually self-limited and laboratory tests usually are not required. | Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is usually [[self-limited]] and laboratory tests usually are not required. | ||
Swabs for [[bacterial]] culture is generally reserved for cases of suspected infectious neonatal conjunctivitis ([[ophthalmia neonatorum]]), recurrent conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis recalcitrant to [[therapy]], conjunctivitis presenting with severe [[purulent]] discharge, and cases suspicious for ''[[gonococcal]]'' or ''[[chlamydial]] infection. | Swabs for [[bacterial]] culture is generally reserved for cases of suspected infectious neonatal conjunctivitis ([[ophthalmia neonatorum]]), recurrent conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis recalcitrant to [[therapy]], conjunctivitis presenting with severe [[purulent]] discharge, and cases suspicious for ''[[gonococcal]]'' or ''[[chlamydial]] infection. | ||
====''Chlamydial'' Infection==== | ====''Chlamydial'' Infection==== | ||
Laboratory studies for ''[[chlamydial]]'' conjunctivitis should include the following: | Laboratory studies for ''[[chlamydial]]'' conjunctivitis should include the following: | ||
*Conjunctival scraping for [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] | *Conjunctival scraping for [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] | ||
*[[Cytology]] scrapings for [[gram staining]] and/or [[giemsa]] staining (help characterize the conjunctival [[inflammatory response]] and rarely done because of the cost and the general lack of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens) | *[[Cytology]] scrapings for [[gram staining]] and/or [[giemsa]] staining (help characterize the conjunctival [[inflammatory response]] and rarely done because of the cost and the general lack of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens) | ||
*Conjunctival scraping for [[DNA hybridization]] assays | |||
*Direct [[fluorescent]] [[monoclonal antibody]] [[staining]] of smears | *Direct [[fluorescent]] [[monoclonal antibody]] [[staining]] of smears | ||
*[[Enzyme]] immuno-assays for ''Chlamydia'' [[organisms]] | *[[Enzyme]] immuno-assays for ''Chlamydia'' [[organisms]] | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Laboratory studies for neonatal conjunctivitis should include the following: | Laboratory studies for neonatal conjunctivitis should include the following: | ||
*[[Cytology]] scrapings for [[gram staining]] | *[[Cytology]] scrapings for [[gram staining]] or [[giemsa]] staining | ||
*Conjunctival scraping for [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] for ''[[chlamydia]]'', ''[[gonorrhea]]'', and ''[[HSV]]'' | *Conjunctival scraping for [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] for ''[[chlamydia]]'', ''[[gonorrhea]]'', and ''[[HSV]]'' | ||
*Special cultures for ''[[neisseria]]'' species on [[chocolate agar]] or [[Thayer-Martin]] | *Special cultures for ''[[neisseria]]'' species on [[chocolate agar]] or [[Thayer-Martin]] | ||
*Culture on [[blood agar]] | *Culture on [[blood agar]] | ||
*Culture of corneal epithelial cells for HSV (cornea is involvement) | *Culture of [[corneal]] [[epithelial cells]] for [[HSV]] (cornea is involvement) | ||
===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Most cases are mild, and the patient just needs reassurance. Laboratory studies for allergic conjunctivitis should include the following: | Most cases are mild, and the patient just needs [[reassurance]]. Laboratory studies for allergic conjunctivitis should include the following: | ||
* | *[[Superficia]]l conjunctival [[scrapings]] may reveal [[eosinophils]] (severe cases) | ||
*Measurement of tear levels of various [[inflammatory | *Measurement of tear levels of various [[inflammatory]] mediators (such as [[IgE]], [[histamine]], and [[tryptase]]) | ||
*Skin testing | *[[Skin testing]] (may provide definitive diagnosis) | ||
===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ||
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is essentially a clinical diagnosis, made by combining information obtained from the history, physical examination and performing one or more diagnostic tests to lend additional objectivity to the diagnosis. | Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is essentially a clinical diagnosis, made by combining information obtained from the history, physical examination and performing one or more diagnostic tests to lend additional objectivity to the diagnosis. | ||
Laboratory studies for keratoconjunctivitis sicca should include the following: | Laboratory studies for keratoconjunctivitis sicca should include the following: | ||
*Decreased corneal sensation can be measured using a cotton tip applicator or more precisely with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Sensory denervation may cause dry eye by reducing the afferent signaling of tear production, reducing the blink rate, and by altering trigeminal nerve influences on ocular epithelial health. Decreased corneal sensation can also result from chronic dry eye. | *Decreased [[corneal sensation]] can be measured using a cotton tip applicator or more precisely with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Sensory denervation may cause [[dry eye]] by reducing the afferent signaling of tear production, reducing the [[blink]] rate, and by altering [[trigeminal nerve]] influences on ocular epithelial health. Decreased corneal sensation can also result from [[chronic]] [[dry eye]]. | ||
*Measurement of tear breakup time (TBUT), | *Measurement of tear breakup time (TBUT), | ||
* | *Schirmer test | ||
* | *Tear [[osmolarity]] (best single diagnostic test) | ||
*[[ | *Tear film [[interferometry]] (measure lipid layer thickness) | ||
*Serology for circulating autoantibodies may be indicated: | *Serology for circulating [[autoantibodies]] may be indicated: | ||
**Antinuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]] | **[[Antinuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]] | ||
**[[Rheumatoid factor|Rheumatoid factor (RF)]] | **[[Rheumatoid factor|Rheumatoid factor (RF)]] | ||
** | **Anti Ro antibody (SS-A) | ||
** | **Anti La antibody]] (SS-B) | ||
**[[Salivary gland]] protein 1 antibody (SP-1) | |||
**[[Carbonic anhydrase]] 6 antibody (CA6) | |||
**[[Parotid]] secretory protein antibody (PSP) | |||
===Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis=== | |||
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) has been associated with thyroid dysfunction, therefore, Laboratory studies for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis should include the following: | |||
*[[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]] | |||
*Free [[thyroxine|thyroxine (T4)]] | |||
*Thyroid stimulating [[immunoglobulin]] or TSH–binding [[inhibitory]] [[immunoglobulin]] | |||
dry eye syndrome is often present with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK), the Schirmer test, measurement of tear lake, and tear breakup time are used to | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:53, 5 July 2016
|
Conjunctivitis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Conjunctivitis laboratory findings On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Conjunctivitis laboratory findings |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Conjunctivitis laboratory findings |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Laboratory tests are not often required in patients with mild conjunctivitis. Conjunctival cultures is generally reserved for cases of suspected infectious neonatal conjunctivitis, recurrent conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis recalcitrant to therapy, conjunctivitis presenting with severe purulent discharge, and cases suspicious for gonococcal or chlamydial infection.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory tests usually are not required in patients with mild conjunctivitis. However, specimens for bacterial cultures should be obtained in patients who have severe inflammation (hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis) or chronic or recurrent conjunctivitis. Cultures also should be obtained in patients who do not respond to treatment.
Viral Conjunctivitis
Laboratory studies for viral conjunctivitis should include the following:
- Rapid antigen testing for adenoviruses (can identify the viral causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary antibiotic use)
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is usually self-limited and laboratory tests usually are not required. Swabs for bacterial culture is generally reserved for cases of suspected infectious neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum), recurrent conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis recalcitrant to therapy, conjunctivitis presenting with severe purulent discharge, and cases suspicious for gonococcal or chlamydial infection.
Chlamydial Infection
Laboratory studies for chlamydial conjunctivitis should include the following:
- Conjunctival scraping for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Cytology scrapings for gram staining and/or giemsa staining (help characterize the conjunctival inflammatory response and rarely done because of the cost and the general lack of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens)
- Conjunctival scraping for DNA hybridization assays
- Direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody staining of smears
- Enzyme immuno-assays for Chlamydia organisms
Gonococcal Infection
Laboratory studies for chlamydial conjunctivitis should include the following:
- Immediate Gram staining of specimens for gram-negative intra-cellular diplococci
- Special cultures for neisseria species on chocolate agar or Thayer-Martin
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Laboratory studies for neonatal conjunctivitis should include the following:
- Cytology scrapings for gram staining or giemsa staining
- Conjunctival scraping for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HSV
- Special cultures for neisseria species on chocolate agar or Thayer-Martin
- Culture on blood agar
- Culture of corneal epithelial cells for HSV (cornea is involvement)
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Most cases are mild, and the patient just needs reassurance. Laboratory studies for allergic conjunctivitis should include the following:
- Superficial conjunctival scrapings may reveal eosinophils (severe cases)
- Measurement of tear levels of various inflammatory mediators (such as IgE, histamine, and tryptase)
- Skin testing (may provide definitive diagnosis)
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is essentially a clinical diagnosis, made by combining information obtained from the history, physical examination and performing one or more diagnostic tests to lend additional objectivity to the diagnosis. Laboratory studies for keratoconjunctivitis sicca should include the following:
- Decreased corneal sensation can be measured using a cotton tip applicator or more precisely with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Sensory denervation may cause dry eye by reducing the afferent signaling of tear production, reducing the blink rate, and by altering trigeminal nerve influences on ocular epithelial health. Decreased corneal sensation can also result from chronic dry eye.
- Measurement of tear breakup time (TBUT),
- Schirmer test
- Tear osmolarity (best single diagnostic test)
- Tear film interferometry (measure lipid layer thickness)
- Serology for circulating autoantibodies may be indicated:
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Rheumatoid factor (RF)
- Anti Ro antibody (SS-A)
- Anti La antibody]] (SS-B)
- Salivary gland protein 1 antibody (SP-1)
- Carbonic anhydrase 6 antibody (CA6)
- Parotid secretory protein antibody (PSP)
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) has been associated with thyroid dysfunction, therefore, Laboratory studies for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis should include the following:
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Free thyroxine (T4)
- Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin or TSH–binding inhibitory immunoglobulin
dry eye syndrome is often present with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK), the Schirmer test, measurement of tear lake, and tear breakup time are used to