Conjunctivitis other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Additional available method for the '''viral conjunctivitis''' diagnosis, includes rapid [[antigen]] testing.<ref name="pmid26077630">{{cite journal| author=Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB| title=Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 60 | issue= 5 | pages= 435-43 | pmid=26077630 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26077630 }} </ref> | Additional available method for the '''viral conjunctivitis''' diagnosis, includes rapid [[antigen]] testing.<ref name="pmid26077630">{{cite journal| author=Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB| title=Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 60 | issue= 5 | pages= 435-43 | pmid=26077630 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26077630 }} </ref> | ||
Additional available methods for the '''[[ | Additional available methods for the '''[[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]]''' diagnosis, conjunctivitis subtype, include [[corneal]] sensation, tear break up time, ocular surface staining, and [[schirmer’s test]].<ref name="pmid19668387">{{cite journal| author=Savini G, Prabhawasat P, Kojima T, Grueterich M, Espana E, Goto E| title=The challenge of dry eye diagnosis. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 31-55 | pmid=19668387 | doi= | pmc=2698717 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19668387 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26766898">{{cite journal| author=Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS| title=Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 10 | issue= | pages= 43-53 | pmid=26766898 | doi=10.2147/OPTH.S80043 | pmc=4699514 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26766898 }} </ref> | ||
==Other diagnostic studies== | ==Other diagnostic studies== | ||
===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ||
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Rapid in-office [[antigen]] testing for ''[[adenoviruses]]'' has been helped to identify the [[viral]] causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary [[antibiotic]] use.<ref name="pmid26077630">{{cite journal| author=Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB| title=Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 60 | issue= 5 | pages= 435-43 | pmid=26077630 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26077630 }} </ref> | Rapid in-office [[antigen]] testing for ''[[adenoviruses]]'' has been helped to identify the [[viral]] causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary [[antibiotic]] use.<ref name="pmid26077630">{{cite journal| author=Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB| title=Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 60 | issue= 5 | pages= 435-43 | pmid=26077630 | doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26077630 }} </ref> | ||
===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ||
Additional available methods for the | Additional available methods for the [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]] diagnosis, conjunctivitis subtype, include [[corneal]] sensation, tear break up time, ocular surface staining, and [[schirmer’s test]].<ref name="pmid19668387">{{cite journal| author=Savini G, Prabhawasat P, Kojima T, Grueterich M, Espana E, Goto E| title=The challenge of dry eye diagnosis. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 31-55 | pmid=19668387 | doi= | pmc=2698717 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19668387 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26766898">{{cite journal| author=Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS| title=Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 10 | issue= | pages= 43-53 | pmid=26766898 | doi=10.2147/OPTH.S80043 | pmc=4699514 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26766898 }} </ref> | ||
====Corneal Sensation==== | ====Corneal Sensation==== | ||
[[Corneal]] [[hyperesthesia]] or reduced sensation may be present in severe and [[chronic]] [[dry eye]] disease. [[Corneal]] sensation can be measured using a cotton tip applicator. | [[Corneal]] [[hyperesthesia]] or reduced sensation may be present in severe and [[chronic]] [[dry eye]] disease. [[Corneal]] sensation can be measured using a cotton tip applicator. | ||
Revision as of 14:13, 8 July 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Additional available method for the viral conjunctivitis diagnosis, includes rapid antigen testing.[1] Additional available methods for the keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) diagnosis, conjunctivitis subtype, include corneal sensation, tear break up time, ocular surface staining, and schirmer’s test.[2][3]
Other diagnostic studies
Viral Conjunctivitis
Rapid in-office Antigen Testing
Rapid in-office antigen testing for adenoviruses has been helped to identify the viral causes of conjunctivitis and prevent unnecessary antibiotic use.[1]
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Additional available methods for the keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) diagnosis, conjunctivitis subtype, include corneal sensation, tear break up time, ocular surface staining, and schirmer’s test.[2][3]
Corneal Sensation
Corneal hyperesthesia or reduced sensation may be present in severe and chronic dry eye disease. Corneal sensation can be measured using a cotton tip applicator.
Tear Break Up Time
A tear breakup time (TBUT) test measures the time it takes for tears to break up in the eye. The proper method of TBUT testing is using a fluorescein impregnated strip. The dye is distributed by blinking, and the patient is then asked to stare straight ahead without blinking. The tear film is observed under the light of a slit lamp.
Ocular Surface Staining
Interpretation of staining is based on intensity and location using a grading scale described by Van Bijsterveld. The nasal and temporal conjunctiva and the cornea are graded on a scale of 0-3 with a maximum possible score of 9. In aqueous tear deficiency, the interpalpebral conjunctiva is the most common location for rose Bengal staining. The severity of staining has been shown to correlate with the degree of aqueous deficiency, tear film instability, and reduced mucin production by conjunctival goblet cell and epithelial cells
Schirmer’s Test
A Schirmer's test can measure the amount of moisture bathing the eye. A five-minute Schirmer's test with and without anesthesia is performed, and wetting under 5 mm is considered diagnostic for dry eyes. It is most useful in the diagnosis of patients with severe aqueous deficiency, but is relatively insensitive for patients with mild dry eye.
Tear Protein Analysis
A tear protein analysis test measures the lysozyme contained within tears. In tears, lysozyme accounts for approximately 20 to 40 percent of total protein content.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
Rapid in-office test, InflammaDry (matrix metalloproteinase 9), has been shown to be elevated in the tears of patients with dry eye disease.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB (2015). "Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis". Surv Ophthalmol. 60 (5): 435–43. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001. PMID 26077630.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Savini G, Prabhawasat P, Kojima T, Grueterich M, Espana E, Goto E (2008). "The challenge of dry eye diagnosis". Clin Ophthalmol. 2 (1): 31–55. PMC 2698717. PMID 19668387.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS (2016). "Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye". Clin Ophthalmol. 10: 43–53. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S80043. PMC 4699514. PMID 26766898.